Research Article
Pulmonary Function and Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Heart Failure
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of the participants in chronic heart failure.
| | Clinical characteristic | All patients | Male | Female | value |
| | Age (years) | 68.2 ± 7.2 | 69.1 ± 6.9 | 67.4 ± 7.4 | 0.2887 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.99 ± 3.20 | 26.03 ± 2.40 | 25.95 ± 3.80 | <0.0001 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130.7 ± 7.0 | 130.1 ± 7.5 | 131.5 ± 6.4 | 0.0601 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.2 ± 7.3 | 80.2 ± 6.8 | 78.4 ± 7.8 | 0.1040 | | Heart rate (beats/min) | 73.5 ± 9.7 | 72.8 ± 8.6 | 74.2 ± 10.5 | 0.0118 | | Current smoking, (%) | 39 (11.0%) | 33 (19.6%) | 6 (3.2%) | <0.0001 | | Alcohol intake, (%) | 63 (17.8%) | 51 (30.4%) | 12 (6.4%) | <0.0001 | | BNP (pg/mL) | 138 (96 to 152) | 131 (114 to 151) | 149 (88 to 154) | <0.0001 | | hs-CRP (mmol/L) | 2.08 ± 2.41 | 2.16 ± 2.21 | 1.99 ± 2.61 | 0.0296 | | Biochemical parameters | | | | | | Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.81 ± 1.49 | 5.62 ± 1.09 | 5.99 ± 1.62 | <0.0001 | | Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.89 ± 1.10 | 1.93 ± 1.28 | 1.84 ± 0.90 | <0.0001 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.21 ± 0.99 | 4.99 ± 0.92 | 5.41 ± 1.00 | 0.2530 | | HDL (mmol/L) | 1.01 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 0.3650 | | LDL (mmol/L) | 3.28 ± 0.58 | 3.44 ± 0.56 | 3.24 ± 0.60 | 0.4750 | | VLDL (mmol/L) | 0.26 ± 0.19 | 0.30 ± 0.22 | 0.24 ± 0.17 | 0.6010 | | Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 74.3 ± 18.3 | 87.4 ± 15.9 | 62.4 ± 10.5 | <0.0001 | | Related disorders | | | | | | Hypertension, (%) | 255 (72.0) | 118 (70.4) | 137 (74.0) | 0.4753 | | Diabetes mellitus, (%) | 81 (22.0) | 27 (16.1) | 54 (29.0) | 0.0037 | | Atrial fibrillation, (%) | 30 (8.5) | 12 (7.2) | 18 (9.7) | 0.4086 | | Coronary heart disease, (%) | 132 (37.3) | 78 (46.4) | 54 (29.0) | 0.0359 | | Treatment drugs | | | | | | ACEI/ARB, (%) | 180 (50.8) | 96 (57.2) | 84 (45.2) | 0.3749 | | Beta-blockers, (%) | 135 (38.1) | 63 (37.5) | 72 (38.7) | 0.9095 | | Diuretics, (%) | 165 (46.6) | 105 (62.5) | 60 (32.5) | 0.0506 | | Aspirin, (%) | 138 (39.0) | 60 (35.6) | 78 (42.0) | 0.4607 | | Statin, (%) | 54 (15.3) | 42 (25.0) | 12 (6.4) | 0.0010 | | Echocardiography parameters | | | | | | LAD (mm) | 32.9 ± 4.0 | 33.6 ± 4.1 | 32.2 ± 3.9 | 0.4933 | | LVEDD (mm) | 48.1 ± 4.9 | 49.7 ± 5.2 | 47.0 ± 4.0 | 0.0005 | | LVESD (mm) | 30.7 ± 4.9 | 31.9 ± 5.3 | 29.6 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 | | Ejection fraction, % | 55.3 ± 7.5 | 55.3 ± 8.2 | 55.9 ± 6.9 | 0.0169 | | E/A ratio | 0.74 ± 0.18 | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 0.75 ± 0.18 | 0.3784 | | Pulmonary function | | | | | | FVC (L) | 2.76 ± 0.82 | 3.06 ± 0.81 | 2.28 ± 0.56 | <0.0001 | | FEV1 (L) | 2.16 ± 1.50 | 2.44 ± 1.88 | 1.76 ± 0.54 | <0.0001 | | FEV1/FVC ratio | 75.66 ± 11.48 | 75.24 ± 10.21 | 76.29 ± 13.10 | 0.0211 | | CAVI | 8.57 ± 1.10 | 8.47 ± 1.10 | 8.66 ± 1.09 | 0.0005 |
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Values are mean ± SD. values reflect the differences between males and females.
ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; LAD: left atrial diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; E/A ratio: ratio of early transmitral flow velocity to atrial flow velocity; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FVC: forced volume capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.
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