Phylogeographic Structure of a Tethyan Relict Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae) Traces Pleistocene Geologic and Climatic Changes in the Western Himalayas, Tianshan Mountains, and Adjacent Desert Regions

Figure 1

Geographical distribution and phylogenetic network of haplotypes in sampled locations of Capparis spinosa. (a) Distribution of the cpDNA haplotypes. The abbreviated letters of population localities correspond to those shown in Table 1. Pie charts show the different haplotypes and their proportions in each population; different colors are consistent with matching haplotypes in the figure legend. (b) Median-joining network reflecting the cpDNA haplotype relationships. Small, open red circles represent potentially intermediate genotypes with other mutational steps between real haplotypes; circle sizes are proportional to haplotype frequencies. (c, d) Two different kinds of habitats of the species: (c) eroding mountain slopes and (d) gravel deserts.

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