Kinetics of Cardiac Output at the Onset of Exercise in Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension

Figure 3

Time course of beat-by-beat heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) upon the onset of exercise. Data are superimposed for all PH patients (black, ) and control subjects (grey, ) and represented as relative values from 0 (baseline) to 100% (steady-state exercise). Time 0 corresponds to exercise start. Data were temporally aligned and superimposed for both groups.