Oxidative Stress Relevance in the Pathogenesis of the Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review

Figure 1

Generation of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species (ROS and RNS). CAT: catalase, ETC: electron transport chain, H₂O: water, H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide, HOCl: hypochlorous acid, HOONO: peroxynitrous acid, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GR: glutathione reductase, GSH: reduced glutathione, GSSH: oxidized glutathione, MPO: myeloperoxidase, NADPH: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NOS: nitric oxide synthase, NH₂Cl: chloramine, NH₃: ammonia, NO^•: nitric oxide, : nitrogen dioxide, O₂: oxygen, ¹O₂: singlet oxygen, : superoxide anion, ^•OH: hydroxyl radical, OONO⁻: peroxynitrite, and SOD: superoxide dismutase.