Isoflurane Is More Deleterious to Developing Brain Than Desflurane: The Role of the Akt/GSK3 Signaling Pathway

Figure 1

Isoflurane, but not desflurane, impaired learning and memory in young mice. (a) In place trials of MWM, escape latency in each group was recorded and analyzed. (b) In the probe trials of MWM, the platform crossing times in each group were recorded and analyzed. (c) Bar shows the freezing time in context trials of FCT. (d) Bar shows the freezing time in cue trials of FCT. The data in (a), (c), and (d) are presented as mean ± SEM, the data in (b) are presented as median and 95% confidence interval, , , and compared with control group, -13 for each group, MWM = Morris water maze, and FCT = fear conditioning test.

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