The Causes of HIV-Associated Cardiomyopathy: A Tale of Two Worlds

Table 1

Etiologies and Characteristic Phenotypes of HIVAC.

	Etiology of HIVAC	Characteristic HIVAC Phenotype
Uncontrolled HIV Disease: (i) Immunosuppressed host; (ii) High viral load; (iii) Low CD4 count (<400 cells/mm^3)	(i) Myocarditis; (a) Direct HIV toxicity; (b) Opportunistic Infections; () Viral: Coxsackie B, CMV, EBV; () Non-viral: Toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, MAC; (ii) Tuberculous Myopericarditis; (iii) Micronutrient Deficiency; (a) Selenium Deficiency	(i) More commonly seen in LMIC; (ii) Symptomatic, systolic dysfunction +/− dilated ventricles; (iii) Poor prognosis
Controlled HIV Disease:	(i) Cardiac Autoimmunity	(i) More commonly seen in HIC
(i) Immunocompetent host	(ii) Cardiac inflammation	(ii) Subclinical diastolic dysfunction with increased strain patterns
(ii) Undetectable viral load	(iii) ART toxicity
	(a) AZT-induced cardiomyopathy