|
Helminth | Experimental model and mice strain | AAMs role | Ref. |
|
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis | BALB/c | IGF-1 production is increased by IL-4, inducing AAM activation followed by tissue repair | [48] |
FIZZ/Retnla | The Retnla gene downregulates the Th2 immune response and suppresses resistance to nematode infection, granulomatous inflammation, and fibrosis | [49] |
BALB/c | In the absence of YM-1, AAMs can still fulfill their repair function | [50] |
BALB/c | Neutrophils are key elements in parasite neutralization and are mediators of repair through AAM activation | [51] |
IL-9 | ILC2s may induce AAMs, which mediate adequate tissue repair | [52] |
STAT6 and Arg-1 | ILC2s constitutively express Arg-1, and they can repair lung tissue during acute inflammation in the absence of AAMs | [20] |
|
Toxocara canis | STAT6 | STAT6 absence may cause delayed wound healing by the reduction of the AAM population | [54] |
|
Schistosoma mansoni | LysMIL-4 and IL-4 | Polarization to the Th1 immune response, associated with CAM activation and NOS production, is related to hepatic damage and death | [57] |
IL-4RαLysM | AAMs are necessary for pathogenic Th1/CAM suppression | [58] |
FLH | The absence of FHL induces Th1 polarization, which is associated with an increase in granuloma hepatic formation | [62] |
Arg-1 | Arg-1 production by AAMs may play an important role in S. mansoni infection control and diminish intestinal damage | [63] |
|
Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri | and FcRγ | Antibodies cause AAM activation, enhancing the expression of genes associated with the repair mechanisms | [43] |
C57BL/6 and Cx3Cr1 | Infection increases the expression of Ym-1, RELM-α, and CD206, enhancing collagen deposition and fibrosis in heart tissue | [68] |
|
Trichinella spiralis | Ob/ob and C57BL/6 | AAMs mediate inflammation in adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and glucose control | [69] |
BALB/c | The rTsP53 protein appears to be beneficial during colitis, with an increase in AAMs | [70] |
|
Taenia crassiceps | BALB/c | AAMs have immunomodulatory effects in experimental colitis and colon cancer models | [71, 72] |
C57BL/6 | A decrease in inflammation and EAE symptoms is associated with AAM activation | [73] |
|
Trichuris muris | Arg-1, Tie2-cre, and C57BL/6 | Arg-1 is dispensable for tissue repair, but its absence is not related to damage | [74] |
|