Analysis and Classification of Stride Patterns Associated with Children Development Using Gait Signal Dynamics Parameters and Ensemble Learning Algorithms

Table 2

Statistics of the original and normalized SampEn(2, 0.05, 350) and the original and normalized ASI values for the children in the young, middle, and elder age groups. Statistical differences between pairs of age groups are evaluated by the Mann-Whitney hypothesis test (significance level ). SampEn: sample entropy. ASI: average stride interval. : test between the young and middle age groups; : test between the middle and elder age groups; : test between the young and elder age groups.

Entropy parameters	Statistics (mean standard deviation)			value
	Young group	Middle group	Elder group
	(aged 3–5 years)	(aged 6–8 years old)	(aged 10–14 years)
SampEn (bit)	0.408 ± 0.109	0.194 ± 0.088	0.1 ± 0.058	0.001
				0.001
				0.001
Normalized SampEn by leg length (bit/m)	0.755 ± 0.229	0.304 ± 0.139	0.129 ± 0.084	0.001
				0.001
				0.001
Normalized SampEn by body mass (bit/kg)	0.023 ± 0.008	0.008 ± 0.003	0.003 ± 0.002	0.001
				0.001
				0.001
ASI (s)	0.904 ± 0.041	0.961 ± 0.041	1.059 ± 0.063	0.004
				0.001
				0.001
Normalized ASI by leg length (s/m)	1.661 ± 0.132	1.495 ± 0.122	1.35 ± 0.106	0.001
				0.002
				0.001
Normalized ASI by body mass (s/kg)	0.051 ± 0.008	0.039 ± 0.005	0.026 ± 0.004	0.001
				0.001
				0.001