Transcriptomics: A Step behind the Comprehension of the Polygenic Influence on Oxidative Stress, Immune Deregulation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease

Figure 2

Site of action of most common endogenous and food derived antioxidants, phytochemicals, and conventional drugs with favorable antioxidant side effects and new available more selective anti-inflammatory medications. Some food derived antioxidants and drug (captopril) have both direct antioxidant effect acting as a scavenger of free radicals or inhibiting lipid peroxidation and indirect effect by modulating the activity of transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2. NF-κB regulate the expression of proinflammatory genes (cytokines and chemokines) while Nrf2 mediates the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx. Carvedilol prevents mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress and has protective effects against lipid peroxidation. GSH is a potent antioxidant depleted during oxidative stress and its level can be modulated by omega 3, carvedilol, L-carnitine, and alpha-lipoic acid. MitoQ, MitoSOD, mitoE, mt-CPPs, and SS-peptides are mitochondria-targeted molecules able to shuttle antioxidants into the mitochondria more efficiently than antioxidants molecules alone, in order to reduce ROS production.