| | Chemicals | Chemical toxicity effect | References |
| | Ammonium perchlorate | Reduced spawn volume | [235, 236] |
| | Bisphenols | Skewed sex ratio in favor of females, imbalance of steroid hormones, reduced germ cell count, decreased hatching rates, and embryonic malformation | [203, 237] |
| | Brominated flame retardants (e.g., 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4-dibromophenol) | Skewed sex ratio, decreased fecundity, altered transcription of steroid genes and plasma concentration of sex hormones, disturbed gonad morphology, and complete hatching failure at high chemical dosage | [53, 238, 239] |
| | Cobalt | Sperms with damaged DNA and reduced fertilization and embryo survival rates | [240] |
| | 2,4-Dichlorophenol | Altered steroid gene expression and plasma sex hormone level and reduced number of eggs released and hatching rate | [201] |
| | Ethinyl estradiol | Reduced or complete failure of fertilization, reduced adult fecundity and vitellogenic response, abnormal vitellogenin induction, discernible effects on secondary sexual characteristics, altered sexual differentiation process, and degenerative sign of reproductive organs | [241–243] |
| | Fluorotelomer alcohols | Reduced eggs and sperms production, affected steroidogenesis along with altered plasma reproductive hormones level, and reduced hatching rates | [202, 244] |
| | Pharmaceutical drugs | Negative impacts on several reproductive parameters: courtship behaviour, number of egg spawned, hatching success, HPG gene transcription and hormone level, and gonad histological changes along with germ cells qualities | [245–248] |
| | Polychlorinated biphenyls | Reduced number of eggs released and fertilized, altered ovary histology, and skewed sex ratio | [204, 249, 250] |
| | Polycyclic musks | Antiestrogenic effect | [251] |
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