Molecular Diagnostics for Precision Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspective

Table 1

Molecular diagnostics markers of CRC currently used in established standard care or potentially being used in the near future.

Clinical utility	Markers
Diagnostic markers	BRAF [79, 80]; MSI [129]
Predictive markers
(i) Primary resistance to anti-EGFR mAb	KRAS and NRAS [7, 8, 12, 14–19]; BRAF [7, 20–22]; PIK3CA [7]; other potential markers (ERBB2, EGFR, FGFR1, PDGFRA, and MAP2K1) [102]
(ii) Secondary resistance to anti-EGFR mAb	Mutations in the MAPK pathway (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1) [97–99]; EGFR [93, 100–102]; amplification of KRAS; MET; ERBB2 [93–95]
(iii) Immune checkpoint blockage therapy	PD-L1 expression [116, 122–124]; MSI [91]; genomic hypermutation [91, 111, 125, 129]
Prognostic markers	BRAF [81–83]; MSI [84, 85]; POLE [135]

The numbers in the parentheses indicate the references cited in this article.