High Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Variability Is Correlated with the Occurrence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the First Decade following a Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A New Biomarker from Old Measurement
Table 2
Multivariate Cox regression analyses of the factors associated with peripheral arterial disease () in the 10 years following a diagnosis of DM.
Independent variable
Hazard ratio
95% CI
VIF
value
Sex (female = 0)
0.893
0.558–1.429
0.636
Age at DM diagnosis
1.069
1.043–1.095
<0.001
Nonsmoking
0.026
Former smoker
1.627
0.765–3.460
0.206
Current smoker
2.070
1.212–3.536
0.008
Hypertension
1.426
0.733–2.774
0.296
Dyslipidemia
4.124
0.543–31.319
0.171
Mean SBP
1.008
0.974–1.044
1.420
0.639
SD of SBP
1.088
0.970–1.220
1.816
0.150
Maximum of SBP
0.984
0.960–1.008
1.267
0.182
Delta of SBP
1.001
0.986–1.015
1.806
0.932
Mean DBP
0.996
0.936–1.060
1.460
0.899
SD of DBP
0.940
0.757–1.168
1.859
0.578
Maximum of DBP
1.015
0.982–1.049
1.267
0.364
Delta of DBP
0.997
0.971–1.023
1.779
0.809
Mean BMI
0.972
0.917–1.030
0.338
SD of BMI
1.251
0.868–1.802
0.230
Mean hemoglobin
0.979
0.764–1.254
0.864
SD of hemoglobin
0.979
0.565–1.695
0.940
Mean serum cholesterol
1.011
0.998–1.023
0.088
SD of serum cholesterol
0.994
0.983–1.005
0.258
Mean serum LDL
1.004
0.990–1.018
0.565
SD of serum LDL
0.988
0.976–1.001
0.079
Mean serum HDL
0.993
0.968–1.018
0.575
SD of serum HDL
1.022
0.980–1.067
0.309
Mean serum triglyceride
1.001
0.996–1.005
0.815
SD of serum triglyceride
1000
0.995–1.004
0.892
Mean creatinine
1.305
1.024–1.665
0.032
SD of creatinine
0.833
0.474–1.461
0.523
DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; BMI, body mass index; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; VIF, variance inflation factor.
