Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Vasorelaxant Effect of Essential Oil from<i> Protium heptaphyllum</i> (Aubl.) March.

Mobin, Mitra; de Lima, Sidney G.; Almeida, Lorena T. G.; Silva Filho, José C.; Rocha, Márcio S.; Oliveira, Aldeídia P.; Mendes, Marcelo B.; Carvalho, Fernando A. A.; Melhem, Marcia S. C.; Costa, José G. M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1928171

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusion Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 1928171 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1928171

Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Vasorelaxant Effect of Essential Oil from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March.

Mitra Mobin,¹Sidney G. de Lima,²Lorena T. G. Almeida,²José C. Silva Filho,³Márcio S. Rocha,⁴Aldeídia P. Oliveira,³Marcelo B. Mendes,³Fernando A. A. Carvalho,³Marcia S. C. Melhem,^5,6and José G. M. Costa^7,8

Academic Editor: Francesca Mancianti

Received26 Apr 2017

Accepted26 Jul 2017

Published30 Aug 2017

Abstract

The Protium heptaphyllum species, also known as Almécega, produces an oily resin, used in folk medicine as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent, in healing, and as an expectorant, which is rich in pentacyclic triterpenes and essential oils. In this study, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Almécega’s resin was analyzed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and evaluated for chemical composition and vasorelaxant activity in rat superior mesenteric artery. The main constituents determined by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry were limonene, -cineole, and -cymene. In intact rings precontracted with phenylephrine (Phe 1 μM), EOPh (3–750 μg/mL) induced relaxation, and the essential oil had a concentration-dependent vasorelaxant effect, without involvement of endothelial mediators.

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) will be responsible for more than three-quarters of all deaths in 2030, among which cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a major risk. The mortality rate by CVD should rise from 17.1 million in 2004 to 23.4 million in 2030. The epidemiological data show that lifestyle and dietary habits are the main factors of the high prevalence of hypertension [1].

Conventional medicines used in the treatment of CVD have numerous collateral effects [2], and they are expensive [3]. Thus, there is a requirement for a safer, cheaper, and more powerful alternative. The professional community has increasingly accepted natural medicine, due to advances in understanding the mechanisms by which plants positively influence health and quality of life [4, 5].

Pharmaceutical studies have shown that natural products represent an extremely valuable source for the production of new chemical products and treatment of untreated diseases [6–8]. Natural products are present in diverse parts of plants, produced through their metabolism, and their pharmacological potential has been confirmed in scientific studies; moreover, they are easily extracted and are economically viable [9]; hence, essential oils have a large tradition in popular medicine [10].

Among the various aromatic plants, present in our region, with powerful pharmaceutical properties, the species Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand is highlighted due to its wide distribution in our community, frequently found in core markets, used in folk medicine and extensive potential therapeutic applications.

P. heptaphyllum, belonging to the Burseraceae family, is a tree present almost all over Brazil, especially in damp or dry sandy soil areas; it is evergreen or semideciduous and aromatic, with a height of 10 m to 20 m and stem of 40 cm to 60 cm in diameter [11]. It is found mainly in the Amazon region and in some northeastern states, such as Bahia, Ceará, and Piauí, and other countries of South America (Colombia, Paraguay, Suriname, and Venezuela). From its trunk exudes an oily resin called Almécega or Breu-branco, which hardens in contact with air; this exudate has a greenish-white coloration and a pleasant aroma and is rich in essential oils [11, 12].

Almécega presents several therapeutic indications such as anti-inflammatory, contraceptive, antineoplastic, cicatrizing, expectorant, antimicrobial, and antifungal indications [13]. It is also used by the indigenous Brazilians as a nasal decongestant [10, 14–17] for being present in various parts of the plants produced through its secondary metabolism; its pharmacological potential has been reported in some scientific studies; because they are easy to extract and are economically viable, essential oils have assumed a prominent role in research on natural products; however, still few studies investigate their cardiovascular effects, being the first time reported in the species under study.

The emergence of drug resistant strains of pathogens, the increase in the immunocompromised population, and the limitations of the available antibiotics/drugs have motivated people to use complementary and alternative therapies, including the use of essential oils [18].

The essential oil obtained from the resin of Almécega has been proven to have anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic actions against Artemia salina [15]. In this context, P. heptaphyllum has become a potential ally, since many pharmacological studies have shown its positive effects in the treatment of various diseases coupled with the fact that there are no studies that prove the action of this essential oil from P. heptaphyllum (EOPh) in contraction of vascular smooth muscle.

2. Experimental

2.1. Plant Material

Two samples of resins were analyzed in this research, one of which was acquired in the central market of Teresina, PI, in February 2016 (commercial resin) and the other was collected at a private estate in the municipality of Timon, MA, a northeastern Brazilian state, in February 2012 (natural resin) and was kept in refrigeration until the moment of oil extraction. The identification of the species occurred in the Herbarium Graziela Barroso at the Federal University of Piauí, Brazil, and the voucher specimen was registered under number 28730.

2.2. Extraction

The resin was subjected to hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger type apparatus; 3 h after boiling, the oil was collected. The extracted oil was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), weighed, and stored at a low temperature of 5°C.

2.3. Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

The analysis was realized by gas chromatography (Thermo Scientific, TSQ Quantum XLS Ultra, Triple Quadrupole), equipped with an AS3000 Autosampler (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). For chromatography of the components, a column EquityTM-1, length 30 m, with 0.25 mm internal diameter and 0.10 μm film thickness, was used. Helium was used as a carrier gas with a flow of 1.0 mL/min and injector temperature of 220°C. The column was programmed with an initial temperature of 50°C (3.0 min), followed by an increase of 3°C/min up to 180°C (for 2 min) and then 6°C/min up to 260°C (for 2 min), and detector temperature of 230°C. 1.0 μL was injected into dichloromethane in split mode (1 : 10). The conditions of MS were ion detector triple quadrupole type operating by electronic impact (70 eV; 45 to 450 Da). The identification of the respective components was done by comparing the mass spectra patterns of internal library (NIST 11) to experimental retention index, calculated from an -alkane series (C₈ to C₂₀, Sigma-Aldrich) and by comparison with literal data [19] and also through sites like http://webbook.nist.gov/ and http://www.pherobase.com.

2.4. Animals

Male Wistar normotensive rats (200–300 g) were obtained from the Animal Care Facilities of the Center for Research on Medicinal Plants of the Federal University of Piauí, Brazil. The rats were maintained in a large cage under controlled conditions of temperature and lighting (lights on: 06:00–18:00 h). The rats were provided with rodent food and tap water ad libitum. All procedures were approved by the ethics committee on animal experimentation of the Federal University of Piauí, Brazil (protocol number 008/12), and were in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH publication 85-23, revised 1996).

2.5. Drugs and Reagents

The drugs used were L-(−)-phenylephrine hydrochloride (Phe), acetylcholine chloride (ACh), verapamil, and cremophor (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). In order to prepare stock solutions of the drugs, all substances were dissolved in distilled water and diluted to the appropriate concentrations. EOPh was dissolved in Tyrode’s solution for the in vitro protocols using cremophor (0.1% v/v) as the eluent. All solutions were stored at 0°C.

2.6. Preparation of the Upper Mesenteric Artery Rings from Rats

The animals were euthanized by thiopental sodium (70 mg/kg i.p.). The superior mesenteric arteries were quickly removed and cleaned of adherent connective tissues and fat. Mesenteric rings (1-2 mm length) were obtained and suspended by cotton threads in an organ bath containing 10 mL of Tyrode’s solution, maintained at 37°C, and gassed with a 95% O₂ + 5% CO₂ mixture (pH 7.4). The rings were stabilized with a resting tension of 0.75 g for at least 60 min, with replacement of Tyrode’s solution (NaCl 158.3 mM, KCl 4.0 mM, CaCl₂ 2.0 mM, NaHCO₃ 10.0 mM, C₆H₁₂O₆ 5.6 mM, MgCl₂ 1.05 mM, and NaH₂PO₄ 0.42 mM) every 15 min to prevent the accumulation of metabolites that could otherwise cause the results to be biased and thus misinterpreted [20]. Isometric tension was recorded by a force-displacement transducer coupled to a data acquisition system (AECAD 1604, AQCAD 2.0.5; AVS Projetos, SP). When necessary, the endothelium was removed by gently rubbing the intimal surface of the vessels with a thin stainless wire and endothelial functionality was assessed through the ability of acetylcholine (10 μM) to induce more than 70% relaxation associated with phenylephrine-Phe (10 μM) tonus. The absence of relaxation following acetylcholine administration was taken as evidence that the rings were functionally denuded of endothelium.

2.7. Precontractions Induced by Phenylephrine

After a 60 min stabilization period, a Phe (10 μM)-induced precontraction was elicited in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings to promote similar magnitude contractions, and EOPh was added cumulatively (3 to 750 μg/mL) after response to Phe had stabilized, approximately 30 min later. In addition, a parallel control was also run under similar experimental conditions with verapamil, a calcium channel antagonist (0.01–3 μM) [21]. Then, a concentration-response curve was obtained.

2.8. Data Analysis

All values were expressed as mean ± SEM. The experimental results were expressed as percentage of decrease of the maximum contraction of phenylephrine. The potential was expressed by (anti-log of effective concentration that promotes 50% of maximum response). Student’s -test and posttest of Bonferroni were used in the data analysis of the results which were considered significant when . All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism™ software, version 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).

3. Results and Discussion

The analysis of the essential oil of P. heptaphyllum resin by GC-MS/MS gave rise to the identification of 23 constituents, especially monoterpenes (Table 1). The constituents present in great abundance in the commercial resin were limonene, eucalyptol, and -cymene (Figure 1), whereas in the natural resin, the main components were limonene, -cymene, and -terpineol, with a yield of 1.38% and 0.90%, respectively.

Comparing the EOPh composition with literature data, it was noticed that, generally, phellandrenes, terpinolenes, limonenes, oxidized p-menth-3-ene-1,2,8-triol, and aromatized p-cymene are major constituents of the essential oil of P. heptaphyllum, whereas -pinene was also found in significant amounts of fresh resin oil in most species reported in the literal data. Aged resins of this species, as well as commercial samples (mixture), usually show a lot of phenylpropanoids in their composition. Sesquiterpenes are usually detected in traces in most parts of the reported resin oils, but this ratio was described as an inverse to P. decandrum [22].

The chemical constituents of essential oil of resin analyzed by CG-MS are mainly monoterpenes. The oil’s chemical composition varies with the period of the year and the region where the material is collected. Citó et al. [23] found that the major compounds were -terpinyl acetate (23.2%), limonene (18.2%), and -cymene (11.2%), while the oil obtained in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, AC, north of Brazil, presented -cymene (39.93%), -tetradecane (13.38%), and dihydro-4-carene (11.69%) as principal constituents [24].

A great amount of oxygenated compounds in commercial resin can be attributed to prolonged exposure to free air in the central market of Teresina, PI; however, we did not notice significant differences in composition, presented in the previous researches.

Recently, Mobin et al. [13] evaluated the chemical composition of P. heptaphyllum resins (EOPh) over different extraction times and their antifungal activity against Candida species, obtained from gardeners with onychomycosis. Literature review by these authors also showed that the main constituents, mainly monoterpenes, vary significantly according to the extraction period and region where the material was collected.

Literature review showed that the main constituents, mainly monoterpenes, have various pharmacological properties, including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antispasmodic properties [25–29]. Besides the activities described above, monoterpenes also produce significant effects on the cardiovascular system, promoting, among other actions, vasorelaxation, decreased heart rate, and hypotension [30]. Constituents of the essential oil of P. heptaphyllum exhibit biological activities, as p-cymene presents anti-inflammatory property [31], D-limonene presents antihyperalgesic action [32], and -terpineol induces gastric protection [33].

In this work, we decided to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of EOPh for the following reasons: its chemical composition did not change significantly in relation to previous works [13], there is a wide distribution of this species in our region, and it is easy to access the botanical material (resin) throughout the year in the central market of the municipality of Teresina, Piauí state.

In rat mesenteric artery rings, EOPh induced a vasorelaxant response on Phe (10 μmol/L)-induced precontractions. The vasorelaxing effect of EOPh was reduced in preparations in the presence of vascular endothelium (, ), in relation to rings without endothelium () (Figure 2(a)). It is known that Phe-induced contractions are linked not only to Ca²⁺ voltage-sensitive channels but also to receptor-operated Ca²⁺ channels [34]. The vasorelaxant effect of EOPh was similar to the L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker verapamil, though not with the same pharmacological potency (Figure 2(b)). Several studies have demonstrated that vasorelaxant effect of different plants is usually due to the calcium channel block and hence inhibitors of Ca²⁺ channels are used as antihypertensive agents, such as the ethanol extract of Mimosa caesalpiifolia and the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet that induce vasorelaxation by blockade of calcium channels activated voltage, CaV-L [35, 36]. The vasorelaxant effect of EOPh is most evident in preparations without endothelium; this may be due to increased activity of the chemical constituents of the oil on calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle membrane. Therefore, EOPh may have more than one active secondary metabolite leading to a variation in pharmacological response.

(a)

(b)

Of the 23 monoterpenes identified in this species, five of them had already been studied for their effects on the cardiovascular system: p-cymene, eucalyptol, linalool, -pinene, limonene, and -terpineol. The main effects observed were hypotension and bradycardia in vivo to p-cymene [37], negative inotropic effect in vivo to eucalyptol [38], cardiovascular system stimulation and depression in vivo to linalool [39], reduction and prevention of cardiovascular injuries caused by pulmonary hypertension in vivo to limonene [40], and hypotension and vasorelaxation [41] and antihypertension to terpineol [42]. This paper showed that essential oils may be considered promising agents for prevention or treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system.

4. Conclusion

The analysis of the P. heptaphyllum essential oil by GC-MS led to the identification of the major constituents in both commercial and natural resins, limonene, eucalyptol, and -cymene, whereas in the natural resin, the main components were limonene, -cymene, and -terpineol, with a yield of 1.38% and 0.90%, respectively.

In the studies carried out with rat’s mesenteric artery, the EOPh promoted a vasorelaxing effect independent of vascular endothelium. These effects provided us with expectancy of a therapeutic alternative for individuals with arterial hypertension. However, further study is needed to investigate the vasorelaxant cellular mechanism of EOPh.

Despite its wide distribution in our community, frequently found in core markets and used in folk medicine and extensive potential therapeutic applications, details on seasonal variation of composition, assessment of toxicity and genotoxicity, and the mechanism of action are important points that should be better evaluated. These experimental data suggest a possible use of EOPh for the treatment of preclinical hypertension.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank CNPq and UFPI for the financial support and LAGO-UFPI for the chromatographic analyses, as well as Boris Timah and Lorenna Fonseca for grammatical revision.

References

C.-Y. Ng, X.-F. Leong, N. Masbah, S. K. Adam, Y. Kamisah, and K. Jaarin, “Heated vegetable oils and cardiovascular disease risk factors,” Vascular Pharmacology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Saman, R. Khalil-ur, D. Zahoor-ul-Hassan, J. Na-zish, H. Mansoor, and I. K. Zafar, “Cardioprotective effect of gemmotherapeutically treated Withania somnifera against chemically induced myocardial injury,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 42, pp. 1487–1499, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Jahan, K. U. Rahman, and S. Ali, “Cardioprotective and antilipidemic potential of Cyperus rotundus in chemically induced cardiotoxicity,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 989–992, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
V. S. Panda and S. R. Naik, “Evaluation of cardioprotective activity of Ginkgo biloba and Ocimum sanctumin rodents,” Alternative Medicine Review, vol. 14, pp. 161–171, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Adegbola, I. Aderibigbe, W. Hammed, and T. Omotayo, “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicinal plants have potential role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review,” American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 19–32, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Vergara-Galicia, R. Ortiz-Andrade, J. Rivera-Leyva et al., “Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of methanolic extract from roots of Laelia anceps are mediated by calcium-channel antagonism,” Fitoterapia, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 350–357, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. E. T. Smith and M. Ashiya, “Antihypertensive therapies,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 597-598, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. E. Koehn and G. T. Carter, “The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 206–220, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. O. C. Simões, P. E. Schenkel, G. Gosmann, C. P. D. J. Mello, A. L. Mentz, and R. P. Petrovik, Farmacognosia da Planta ao Medicamento, Florianópolis Editora UFSC, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 5th edition, 1991.
A. C. Siani, M. F. S. Ramos, O. Menezes-De-Lima Jr. et al., “Evaluation of anti-inflammatory-related activity of essential oils from the leaves and resin of species of Protium,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 57–69, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Lorenzi and F. J. A. Matos, Medicinal Plants in Brazil: Native and Exotic, Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa, Brazil, 2008.
M. P. Corrêia, Dictionary of Useful Plants of Brazil, vol. 1, National Press, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1926.
M. Mobin, S. G. De Lima, L. T. G. Almeida et al., “MDGC-MS analysis of essential oils from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) and their antifungal activity against candida specie,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 531–538, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Pernet, “Phytochimie des Buseracees,” Lloydia, vol. 35, pp. 280–287, 1972.
View at: Google Scholar
A. L. Rüdiger, A. C. Siani, and E. L. V. Junior Rüdiger, “The chemistry and pharmacology of the South America genus Protium Burm.f. (Burseraceae),” Pharmacognosy Reviews, vol. 1, pp. 93–104, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
P. N. Bandeira, M. I. L. Machado, F. S. Cavalcanti, and T. L. G. Lemos, “Essential oil composition of leaves, fruits and resin of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March,” Journal of Essential Oil Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 33-34, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. C. Siani, I. S. Garrido, S. S. Monteiro, E. S. Carvalho, and M. F. S. Ramos, “Protium icicariba as a source of volatile essences,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 477–489, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. S. Raut and S. M. Karuppayil, “A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils,” Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 62, pp. 250–264, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, Ill, USA, 4th edition, 2007.
B. M. Altura and B. T. Altura, “Differential effects of substrate depletion on drug-induced contractions of rabbit aorta,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 219, no. 6, pp. 1698–1705, 1970.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. Valero, A. Oliván-Viguera, I. Garrido et al., “Rock Tea extract (Jasonia glutinosa) relaxes rat aortic smooth muscle by inhibition of L-type Ca²⁺ channels,” Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 785–793, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. P. Lima, D. S. Pinto, L. E. Carvalho, J. E. L. S. Ribeiro, M. O. M. Marques, and R. Facanali Lima, “Analysis of the volatile oils of Protium decandrum the Ducke Reserve-AM,” in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society—SBQ, Aguas de Lindoia. Chemistry is Power: Transforms the Life and Preserves the Environment, Brazilian Chemical Society—SBQ, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
A. M. G. L. Citó, A. A. Souza, J. A. D. Lopes et al., “Protium heptaphyllum March (Burseraceae) resin: chemical composition of the essential oil and evaluation cytotoxic against Artemia salina Leach,” Anais of the Brazilian Association of Chemistry, vol. 52, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
D. D. Marques, R. A. Sartori, T. L. G. Lemos, L. L. Machado, J. S. N. de Souza, and F. J. Q. Monte, “Chemical composition of the essential oils from two subspecies of Protium heptaphyllum,” Acta Amazonica, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 227–230, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Garcia, E. S. S. Alves, M. P. Santos et al., “Antimicrobial activity and potential use of monoterpenes as tropical fruits preservatives,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 163–168, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Kato, H. Iijima, K. Ishihara, T. Kaneko, K. Hirai, and Y. Naito, “Antibacterial effects of Listerine on oral bacteria,” The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 301–307, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Singh, R. Shukla, B. Prakash et al., “Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of Citrus maxima Burm. and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oils and their cyclic monoterpene, DL-limonene,” Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1734–1740, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Karkabounas, O. K. Kostoula, T. Daskalou, P. Veltsistas, M. Karamouzis, and I. Zelovitis, “Anticarcinogenic and antiplatelet effects of carvacrol,” Experimental Oncology, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 121–125, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
P. J. C. Magalhães, S. Lahlou, D. M. Jucá et al., “Vasorelaxation induced by the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius and its constituents in rat aorta are partially mediated by the endothelium,” Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 169–177, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. R. V. Santos, F. V. Moreira, B. P. Fraga, D. P. de Sousa, L. R. Bonjardim, and L. J. Quintans, “Cardiovascular effects of monoterpenes: a review,” Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 764–771, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Zhong, G. Chi, L. Jiang et al., “P-Cymene modulates in vitro and in vivo cytokine production by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB activation,” Inflammation, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 529–537, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. G. Araujo-Filho, E. W. M. Pereira, M. M. Rezende et al., “D-limonene exhibits superior antihyperalgesic effects in a beta-cyclodextrin-complexed form in chronic musculoskeletal pain reducing Fos protein expression on spinal cord in mice,” Neuroscience, vol. 358, pp. 158–169, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
M. T. B. Da Silva, R. B. Marques, F. J. Batista-Lima et al., “α-Terpineol induces gastric retention of liquids by inhibiting Vagal parasympathetic pathways in rats,” Planta Medica, vol. 82, no. 15, pp. 1329–1334, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Bülbring and T. Tomita, “Catecholamine action on smooth muscle,” Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 39, pp. 49–96, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
M. E. P. Santos, L. H. P. Moura, M. B. Mendes et al., “Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects induced by the ethanolic extract of the Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Mimosaceae) inflorescences in normotensive rats,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 164, pp. 120–128, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. H. D. Cunha, M. O. D. Moraes, F. V. Fechine et al., “Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of methanolic fraction of the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet,” Vascular Pharmacology, vol. 58, no. 5-6, pp. 337–345, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. E. H. El Tahir, M. F. Al-Ajmi, and A. M. Al-Bekairi, “Some cardiovascular effects of the dethymoquinonated Nigella sativa volatile oil and its major components α-pinene and p-cymene in rats,” Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 104–110, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
M. C. M. S. Soares, C. E. N. Damiani, C. M. Moreira, I. Stefanon, and D. V. Vassallo, “Eucalyptol, an essential oil, reduces contractile activity in rat cardiac muscle,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 453–461, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Höferl, S. Krist, and G. Buchbauer, “Chirality influences the effects of linalool on physiological parameters of stress,” Planta Medica, vol. 72, no. 13, pp. 1188–1192, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Touvay, B. Vilain, C. Carré, J. M. Mencia-Huerta, and P. Braquet, “Effect of limoneneand sobrerol on monocrotaline-lnduced lung alterations and pulmonary hypertension,” International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 107, no. 1–3, pp. 272–274, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. P. Ribeiro, D. L. Porto, C. P. Menezes et al., “Unravelling the cardiovascular effects induced by α-terpineol: A role for the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway,” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 811–816, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. K. B. Sabino, E. S. Ferreira-Filho, M. B. Mendes et al., “Cardiovascular effects induced by α-terpineol in hypertensive rats,” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 333–339, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2017 Mitra Mobin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1890

Downloads

961

Citations