Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma, Rhinitis, and Eczema and Their Multimorbidity among Young Adults in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 4
Crude and adjusted associations between risk factors and study-defined current asthma, rhinitis, and eczema.
Independent variables
Asthma
Rhinitis
Eczema
Crude PR
Adjusted PR
Crude PR
Adjusted PR
Crude PR
Adjusted PR
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
Age
1.01 (0.97–1.06)
0.99 (0.93–1.05)
1.02 (0.99–1.05)
1.04 (1.01–1.07)
0.99 (0.94–1.06)
1.02 (0.95–1.09)
P value
0.553
0.730
0.225
0.007
0.969
0.663
Sex
Male
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Female
0.72 (0.51–1.02)
0.79 (0.51–1.24)
1.17 (0.88–1.56)
1.26 (0.88–1.79)
1.78 (1.05–3.01)
1.63 (0.80–3.31)
P value
0.065
0.301
0.283
0.208
0.033
0.177
Smoking
Never
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Ever
1.92 (1.34–2.75)
1.70 (1.11–2.61)
0.99 (0.72–1.38)
0.78 (0.44–1.39)
P value
<0.001
0.014
0.971
0.397
ETS
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.48 (1.08–2.03)
1.45 (1.02–2.05)
1.10 (0.87–1.40)
1.57 (1.09–2.27)
1.37 (0.91–2.08)
P value
0.017
0.038
0.437
0.015
0.137
Birth order
First
1.19 (0.82–1.74)
1.04 (0.78–1.38)
1.26 (0.82–1.93)
Second
1.16 (0.77–1.73)
1.25 (0.94–1.66)
1.04 (0.64–1.69)
Third or more
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
P value
0.601
0.334
0.597
Mode of birth
Vaginal
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
C-section
1.31 (0.84–2.03)
1.06 (0.74–1.50)
0.55 (0.26–1.16)
0.68 (0.32–1.43)
P value
0.230
0.756
0.116
0.307
Cat exposure
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.64 (1.14–2.36)
1.44 (1.02–2.18)
1.33 (1.01–1.76)
1.42 (1.08–1.87)
1.15 (0.72–1.84)
P value
0.008
0.043
0.043
0.013
0.556
Dog exposure
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.97 (1.18–3.26)
1.62 (1.01–2.60)
1.21 (0.76–1.93)
1.14 (0.52–2.48)
P value
0.009
0.046
0.429
0.746
Maternal allergy
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
3.08 (2.14–4.42)
3.15 (2.10–4.71)
2.04 (1.59–2.60)
1.82 (1.39–2.39)
1.80 (1.22–2.65)
1.62 (1.05–2.49)
P value
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.003
0.028
Paternal allergy
No
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
1.00 (Ref.)
Yes
1.76 (1.25–2.48)
1.29 (0.92–1.82)
1.74 (1.37–2.23)
1.47 (1.14–1.89)
1.87 (1.25–2.77)
1.54 (1.02–2.33)
P value
0.001
0.147
<0.001
0.003
0.002
0.042
PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref.: reference; ETS: environmental tobacco smoke; C-section: Cesarean section. was modeled as a continuous variable. participants reporting ever smoking cigarettes and/or ever smoking water pipe (hookah). as regular exposure to tobacco smoke inside and/or outside the house. as having a cat/dog in the home during the past 12 months. /father having history of doctor-diagnosed asthma, eczema, or rhinitis. that had a P value ≤ 0.2 in the crude model were included in the adjusted (multivariable) model, except for age and sex, which were included in all adjusted models.
