Behavioural and Autonomic Regulation of Response to Sensory Stimuli among Children: A Systematic Review of Relationship and Methodology
Table 1
Summary of studies.
(a)
Author
Year
Sample size
Age (yr)
Sample
Chang et al.
2012
50
5–12
ASD: 25; TD: 25
Daluwatte et al.
2015
259
5–19
ASD: 152; TD: 107
Lane et al.
2010
85
6–12
TD: 36; TDs: 9; ADHDt: 18; ADHDs: 21
Mangeot et al.
2001
56
5–13
ADHD: 26; TD: 30
Matsushima et al.
2016
69
6–12
ASD: 37; TD: 32
McCormick et al.
2014
87
2–4
ASD: 54; TD: 33
McIntosh et al.
1999
38
3–9
SMD: 19; TD: 19
Miller et al.
2012
176
6–12
SMD: 37; ADHD: 28; SMD/ADHD: 12;
TD: 30
Schaaf et al.
2003
15
4–8
SMD: 9; TD: 6
Schaaf et al.
2010
83
5–12
SMD: 43; TD: 40
Schaaf et al.
2015
88
6–9
ASD: 59; TD: 29
Schoen et al.
2009
102
4–15
ASD: 38; SMD: 31; TD: 33
Su et al.
2010
31
4–8
SMD: 14; TD: 17
Woodard et al.
2012
16
2-3
ASD: 8; TD: 8
Note. ASD: autism spectrum disorder; TD: typically developing; TD: typically developing with atypical sensory behaviour; ADHD: attention-deficit, hyperactivity disorder; ADHDt: attention-deficit, hyperactivity disorder with typical sensory behaviour; ADHDs: attention-deficit, hyperactivity disorder with atypical sensory behaviour; SMD: sensory modulation disorder. Did not assess for specific atypical sensory behaviour (i.e., overresponsivity, underresponsivity, and seeking/craving). Reported and assessed specifically on sensory overresponsivity only. Assessed for sensory modulation disorder but did not report on specific atypical sensory behavior. Classified sensory modulation disorder based severity of atypical sensory behavioural symptoms (mild, moderate, and severe).
(b)
Author
Year
Behavioural measure
Physiological measure
Autonomic branch
Autonomic measure
Specific measure
Chang et al.
2012
Sensory Processing Measure- Home Form
SNS
Skin conductance
Amplitude, magnitude, onset latency, habituation
Daluwatte et al.
2015
Sensory Profile
Not specific
Pupillary light reflex (PLR)
Diameter, PLR latency, constriction time, redilation time, constriction amplitude
Lane et al.
2010
Sensory Overresponsivity Scale
SNS
Electrodermal response
Tonic, nonspecific response, magnitude of orienting response, mean response
Mangeot et al.
2001
Short Sensory Profile
SNS
Electrodermal response
Magnitude of largest response
Matsushima et al.
2016
Short Sensory Profile- Japanese
PNS
Heart rate variability
High-frequency (0.05–1.04 Hz)
McCormick et al.
2014
Short Sensory Profile
SNS
Electrodermal activity
Tonic, magnitude of response, no response
McIntosh et al.
1999
Short Sensory Profile
SNS
Electrodermal response
Mean magnitude, amplitude of largest response, no. of responses
Miller et al.
2012
Short Sensory Profile
SNS
Electrodermal response
Mean peak magnitude of response, amplitude of largest peak
Note. PNS: parasympathetic nervous system; SNS: sympathetic nervous system.Parent-/caregiver-reported measures; from an ANS dually innervated organ.
(c)
Author
Year
Procedures
Laboratory Paradigm
Conditions
Chang et al.
2012
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
Daluwatte et al.
2015
PLR Stimulation
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
Lane et al.
2010
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
Mangeot et al.
2001
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Stimulation
Matsushima et al.
2016
Tactile and Auditory Sensory Paradigm
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
McCormick et al.
2014
Sensory Probe Paradigm
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
McIntosh et al.
1999
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Stimulation
Miller et al.
2012
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Stimulation
Schaaf et al.
2003
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Rest, Stimulation
Schaaf et al.
2010
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
Schaaf et al.
2015
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
Schoen et al.
2009
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Rest, Stimulation, Recovery
Su et al.
2010
Sensory Challenge Protocol
Stimulation
Woodard et al.
2012
Multi-Sensory Paradigm
Rest, Stimulation
(d)
Author
Year
Sensory behaviour differences
ANS differences
Chang et al.
2012
ASD has significantly higher sensory behavioural problems compared to TD
Stronger SNS activation at rest and in response to auditory stimuli in ASD more TD
Daluwatte et al.
2015
Significant atypical sensory behaviour in ASD compared to TD
No significant difference in autonomic outcomes
Lane et al.
2010
Significant overresponsive sensory behaviour in ADHD compared to TD
Significantly higher EDR (SNS) in ADHD at recovery conditions
Mangeot et al.
2001
Significant sensory behavioural problems in ADHD compared to TD
Greater EDR (SNS) magnitude in stimulation conditions
Matsushima et al.
2016
ASD has significantly higher sensory behavioural problems compared to TD
Significantly lower HRV-HF (PNS) at rest in ASD compared to TD
McCormick et al.
2014
Significantly different sensory behaviour between ASD and TD
No significant difference in any measure of EDA
McIntosh et al.
1999
SMD was differentiated from TD based on severity of sensory behavioural problems
SMD failed to respond to sensory stimuli; more EDR and magnitude; and slower habituation, compared to TD
Miller et al.
2012
Significant group differences when compared with TD on the incidence of sensory behavioural problems
SMD has greater reactivity to sensory stimuli; SMD has different autonomic patterns compared to ADHD
Schaaf et al.
2003
SMD was differentiated from TD based on severity of sensory behavioural problems
SMD has significantly lower CVT (PNS) compared to TD
Schaaf et al.
2010
SMD was differentiated from TD based on severity of sensory behavioural problems
SMD approached significantly lower CVT (PNS) reaction compared to TD; severe SMD has significantly lower CVT at baseline and during stimulation compared to other groups
Schaaf et al.
2015
SMD was differentiated from TD based on severity of sensory behavioural problems
ASD has less variable PNS functions (less change from sensory domains) during stimulation conditions compared to TD
Schoen et al.
2009
Different patterns of sensory behaviour between ASD, SMD, and TD
ASD has lower baseline and reactivity SNS functions; SMD has higher SNS reactivity on the first stimulus presentation
Su et al.
2010
SMD has more sensory behavioural problems compared to TD
SMD has larger EDR (SNS) peak amplitude
Woodard et al.
2012
ASD has more hypersensitive and less hyposensitive sensory behavioural problems
ASD has more hypersensitive and less hyposensitive autonomic patterns of responses to sensory stimulus