Deterioration of Cerebral Oxygenation by Aortic Arch Calcification Progression in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics by AAC grade.
AAC grade
Grade 0
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
23
24
30
27
Sex (men), (%)
18 (78)
20 (83)
21 (70)
21 (78)
Age, years
64 ± 11
64 ± 10
71 ±
70 ± 7
HD duration, years
2.6 ± 5.7
5.0 ± 7.6
4.3 ± 7.5
6.7 ± 5.5
Primary disease, (%)
Diabetes mellitus
11 (48)
7 (29)
20
13 (48)
Nephrosclerosis
2 (9)
4 (17)
4 (12)
5 (19)
Chronic glomerulonephritis
8 (34)
8 (33)
4 (12)
3 (11)
Others
2 (9)
5 (21)
2 (6)
6 (22)
Medical history, (%)
Ischemic heart disease
3 (13)
10 (42)
8 (28)
20
Cerebral infarction
4 (17)
8 (33)
4 (14)
4 (15)
Smoking
12 (52)
22
17 (61)
20 (74)
Body mass index, kg/m2
22 ± 4
23 ± 3
22 ± 3
23 ± 3
Systolic BP, mmHg
145 ± 23
139 ± 18
150 ± 20
137 ± 23
Diastolic BP, mmHg
79 ± 15
78 ± 13
73 ± 13
69 ± 15
Pulse pressure, mmHg
66 ± 16
62 ± 18
77 ± 2
69 ± 14
Heart rate, per min
76 ± 11
75 ± 15
71 ± 16
73 ± 12
Oxygen saturation, %
96 ± 1
95 ± 2
94 ± 5
95 ± 3
Medication, (%)
RAS blocker (ACEI and/or ARB)
12 (52)
15 (63)
17 (57)
14 (52)
Calcium channel blocker
14 (61)
15 (63)
22 (73)
15 (56)
Beta blocker
8 (35)
12 (50)
19 (63)
15 (56)
Vitamin D analog
11 (48)
10 (42)
13 (43)
11 (41)
Phosphate binder
15 (65)
13 (54)
19 (63)
18 (67)
Calcium-containing phosphate binder
14
10
15
13
Non-calcium-containing phosphate binder
4
7
10
13
Cinacalcet
1 (4)
1 (4)
3 (10)
4 (15)
Statin
5 (22)
8 (33)
10 (33)
12 (44)
Antiplatelet agents
8 (35)
11 (46)
13 (43)
19 (70)
Erythropoiesis stimulating agent
21 (91)
22 (92)
30 (100)
24 (89)
Albumin, g/dL
3.3 ± 0.6
3.2 ± 0.5
3.1 ± 0.5
2.9 ± 0.
Serum sodium, mEq/L
138 ± 4
137 ± 5
137 ± 3
137 ± 4
Serum potassium, mEq/L
4.4 ± 0.8
4.1 ± 0.8
4.2 ± 0.8
4.1 ± 0.5
Serum calcium, mg/dL
8.3 ± 0.7
8.9 ± 1.1
8.5 ± 1.1
8.8 ± 0.9
Serum phosphate, mg/dL
4.8 ± 1.2
4.4 ± 1.5
4.8 ± 1.3
4.4 ± 1.3
BUN, mg/dL
60 ± 14
55 ± 26
52 ± 20
51 ± 17
Cr, mg/dL
9.1 ± 2.2
8.3 ± 2.2
8.5 ± 2.4
8.2 ± 2.2
Hb, g/dL
9.9 ± 1.3
9.9 ± 1.6
9.4 ± 1.5
9.3 ± 1.5
Blood glucose, mg/dL
159 ± 73
149 ± 74
133 ± 37
152 ± 48
HbA1c, %
5.5 ± 1.0
5.5 ± 0.8
5.8 ± 1.0
5.7 ± 0.8
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
156 ± 32
148 ± 39
151 ± 40
149 ± 32
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
47 ± 20
43 ± 16
45 ± 14
36 ± 14
Non-HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
109 ± 24
107 ± 29
105 ± 36
114 ± 29
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL
84 ± 23
77 ± 26
80 ± 31
88 ± 28
Triglyceride, mg/dL
96 ± 45
111 ± 33
100 ± 54
117 ± 57
C-reactive protein, mg/dL
0.7 ± 1.4
3.4 ± 8.8
1.2 ± 1.6
3.2 ± 4.9
Cerebral rSO2 value, %
53.7 ± 8.3
50.1 ± 10.1
48.3 ± 8.6
43.2 ± 8.
AAC, aortic arch calcification; HD, hemodialysis; BP, blood pressure; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; rSO2, regional saturation of oxygen. versus the AAC grade 0 group ( < 0.05). versus the AAC grade 0 group ( < 0.01). versus the AAC grade 1 group ( < 0.05). versus the AAC grade 2 group ( < 0.01).
