Internal Impingement of the Shoulder: A Risk of False Positive Test Outcomes in External Impingement Tests?

Table 2

Mechanical contact between the infraspinatus and the glenoid labrum (in %).

Mechanical contact	Shoulder position
	90° abduction + 15° internal rotation “horizontal impingement test”	170° abduction “Neer test”	Neutral position	90° flexion + 15° internal rotation “Hawkins test”
No impingement	94.6	62.2	100.0	89.2
Impingement without deformation	5.4	37.8	0	10.8
Impingement with deformation	0	0	0	0
Overall	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0