Transverse and Oblique Long Bone Fracture Evaluation by Low Order Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Simulation Study

Figure 3

The envelope diagrams of the received signals (90 mm < < 150 mm) with different fracture degree and oblique angles, (a) intact model, (b) transverse fracture model with 0.5 mm wide crack, (c) transverse fracture model with 1.0 mm wide crack, (d) 45° oblique fracture model with 0.5 mm wide crack, (e) 45° oblique fracture model with 1.0 mm wide crack, (f) 83° oblique fractured model with 0.5 mm wide crack, and (g) 83° oblique fracture model with 1.0 mm wide crack.

(a) Intact bone

(b)  mm, °

(c)  mm, °

(d)  mm, °

(e)  mm, °

(f)  mm, °

(g)  mm, °