The Use of Xanthan Gum as Vaccine Adjuvant: An Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Potential in BALB/c Mice and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

Figure 2

In vitro cytotoxicity of the aqueous xanthan solution. (a) The effect of different concentrations of aqueous xanthan solutions on the inhibition of NIH/3T3 cells was determined using an MTT assay. The inhibition rate was related to the negative control (DMEM). Cells were treated with DMSO 1% as positive control. The data are expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. (b) Representative composite images show cell viability by propidium iodide (PI) staining after the cells were treated with xanthan 0.5% (B) or Alhydrogel 15% (C) for 48 hours, stained with PI, and visualized by fluorescent and phase-contrast microscopy. Untreated cells (A) and those treated with DMSO 1% (D) as controls of experiments. Red fluorescence indicates membrane damage and PI uptake. Arrows represent dead cells with apoptotic nuclei. Original magnification ×40.

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