Could the Topping-Off Technique Be the Preventive Strategy against Adjacent Segment Disease after Pedicle Screw-Based Fusion in Lumbar Degenerative Diseases? A Systematic Review

Table 3

Reported functional outcomes in the hybrid stabilization device and interspinous process device groups.

Authors,; years	Patients	Mean	Visual analogue scale (back)			Visual analogue scale (leg)			Oswestry Disability Index			SF-36
		f/u	Pre-op	Post-op	Final	Pre-op	Post-op	Final	Pre-op	Post-op	Final	Pre-op	Post-op	Final
Formica et al. [13], 2015	38	24	7.87 (1.39)	1.98 (1.04)	0.42 (0.53)	4.77 (1.98)	1.87 (1.55)	0.37 (0.9)	62.18 (13.1)		18.11 (4.78)
Putzier et al. [14], 2010	22	76.4	8	4	4				70	30 (1 yr)	35
			(Estimated from figures)						(Estimated from figures)
Imagama et al. [15], 2009	35	42							JOA
									11.8; (6.2)	25.2; (3.7)
			Lu et al. [16], 2015	49	41.2	7.1; (1.4)	1.3 (2 yrs); (2.3)	1.5; (2.4)			7.2; (1.3)	1.4 (2 yrs); (2.5)	1.4; (2.3)	27.7; (3.8)	14.6 (2 yrs); (3.4)	14.1; (3.9)
Lee et al. [17], 2013	25	46.8							7.2	4.3 (1 yr)							3.9	6.9	3.8 (1 yr)	3.7 (2 yr)	26.1	17.4 (1 yr)	16.3 (2 yrs)
Korovessis et al. [18], 2009	24	60	7.2; (2.1)	3; (2)					34	8	9	11	61	59
									(Estimated from figures)

The values were presented as mean, the values in the parentheses were standard deviation, and blank in the each columns meant not mentioned in the manuscript.
JOA: Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score; SF-36: short form-36 questionnaires.