Bisphenol A Is More Potent than Phthalate Metabolites in Reducing Pancreatic β-Cell Function

Figure 1

Environmental chemicals affected cell viability and toxicity. INS-1E cells were incubated with the indicated concentrations of environmental chemicals for 72 h in (a) and (b) and 24 h in (c). In the combinatory exposures the indicated doses reflect the concentrations of each chemical rather than the total (additive) chemical concentration. (a and b) The cell viability was measured by the MTT assay and normalized to control, that is, divided by the mean of all the controls in that experiment. (c) The fractions of viable, necrotic, and apoptotic cells were determined by Hoechst/PI staining and fluorescence microscopy, and the percentage corresponding to the sum of necrotic and apoptotic cells is displayed in the figure. The symbols in (a) indicate significant decreases compared to negative controls or to the corresponding concentrations of MnBP and MiBP, ¤  MEHP, and combinatory exposure to MnBP, MiBP, and MEHP (two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posttest, ). In (b and c) indicates significant difference compared to controls while # indicates significant difference from MEHP at the same concentration (two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posttest, ).

(a)

(b)

(c)