The Role of Biologically Active Ingredients from Natural Drug Treatments for Arrhythmias in Different Mechanisms

Table 1

Natural drug therapies with antiarrhythmic properties.

Active ingredients	Chemical structure	Natural drug	Molecular formula	Mechanism of action					State of evidence
							APD	Others
Alkaloid	Diterpenoid alkaloids	Aconitine	C34H47NO11	Reduction in	+	+	Prolong	—	In vitro/animal models
	Isoquinoline	Berberine	C20H18NO4	Reduction in	−	−	—	—	In vitro/animal models
		Liensinine	C37H42N2O6	Reduction in	+	−	—	—	In vitro/animal models
	Indole alkaloids	Rhynchophylline	C22H28N2O4	—	+	−	—	—	In vitro/animal models
	Quinolizidine	Matrine	C15H24N2O2⋅H2O	Reduction in	+	−	Prolong	—	Humans-RCT
	Alkaloids	Oxymatrine	C15H24N2O2		+	+	—	—	In vitro/animal models
		Sophocarpine	C2H22N2O	Reduction in	+	+	Prolong	—	In vitro/animal models
Glycoside		Ginsenoside Rg1	C42H72O14	Reduction in	−	−	—	—	In vitro/animal models
		Phenylpropanoid glycosides	C29H36O15	Reduction in	+	−	Prolong	—	In vitro/animal models
Flavonoid		Baicalein	C15H10O5	—	−	−	—	Pal-LPC	In vitro/animal models
		Resveratrol	C14H12O3	Reduction in	+	+	Short	—	In vitro/animal models
Terpene		Ginkgolide	C19H21NO4	—	+	−	Short	—	In vitro/animal models
Quinones		Tanshinone IIA	C19H18O3	Reduction in	−	−	—	—	In vitro/animal models
Others		Crataegus	C20H27NO11	Reduction in and	−	−	Prolong	—	In vitro/animal models
		Danshensu	C9H10O5		−	−	—	Cx43	In vitro/animal models
		Omega-3 fatty acids	—	—	+	+	—	—	Humans-RCT
		Allitridi	C6H10S2O	Reduction in , , hKv4.3, hKv1.5, and CNQ1/hKCNE1	−	−	—	—	In vitro/animal models
WXKL				Reduction in	+	+	Prolong	—	Humans-RCT
SSYX					−	−			In vitro/animal models

Pal-LPC = lysophosphatidylcholine; RCT = randomized controlled trial; Cx43 = gap junctional connexin 43; APD = action potential duration; WXKL = Wenxin-Keli; SSYX = Shensongyangxin.