Chronic Health Conditions as a Risk Factor for Falls among the Community-Dwelling US Older Adults: A Zero-Inflated Regression Modeling Approach

Table 3

Risk factors of falls among community-dwelling US older adults: zero-inflated regression modeling, BRFSS 2014.

Explanatory variables (reference)	Zero-inflated Poisson		Zero-inflated negative binomial
Count part	RR (95% CI)	Standard; error	RR (95% CI)	Standard; error
Chronic health conditions
Heart attack	1.13 (1.10–1.16)	0.0122	1.16 (1.11–1.21)	0.0219
Angina	1.08 (1.05–1.10)	0.0118	1.17 (1.12–1.22)	0.0209
Stroke	1.32 (1.29–1.35)	0.0115	1.50 (1.43–1.57)	0.0249
Asthma	1.15 (1.12–1.17)	0.0113	1.22 (1.18–1.27)	0.0201
COPD	1.10 (1.08–1.13)	0.0110	1.13 (1.08–1.17)	0.0203
CKD	1.18 (1.15–1.21)	0.0132	1.24 (1.18–1.31)	0.0276
Arthritis	1.17 (1.15–1.19)	0.0095	1.39 (1.34–1.44)	0.0176
Depression	1.68 (1.65–1.71)	0.0089	2.12 (2.05–2.20)	0.0186
Diabetes	1.11 (1.09–1.13)	0.0093	1.18 (1.14–1.22)	0.0177
Sociodemographic composition
Age group 80+ (65–79)	0.89 (0.87–0.90)	0.0108	0.94 (0.91–0.98)	0.0191
Black (White)	0.74 (0.71–0.77)	0.0223	0.70 (0.65–0.75)	0.0355
Hispanic (White)	0.89 (0.85–0.93)	0.0231	0.85 (0.78–0.92)	0.0401
Other race (White)	1.10 (1.06–1.14)	0.0190	1.09 (1.01–1.18)	0.0394
Female (male)	0.76 (0.74–0.77)	0.0090	0.72 (0.70–0.75)	0.0184
Unmarried/single (married/living-in)	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.0093	1.06 (1.03–1.10)	0.0169
Unemployed (employed)	1.11 (1.08–1.14)	0.0120	1.14 (1.09–1.19)	0.0216
Income <$50,000/year (≥$50,000/year)	1.17 (1.14–1.19)	0.0105	1.11 (1.08–1.14)	0.0154
Smoking (no smoking)	1.22 (1.19–1.25)	0.0130	1.13 (1.07–1.19)	0.0281
Logit part	OR (95% CI)	Standard; error	OR (95% CI)	Standard; error
Chronic health conditions
Heart attack	0.92 (0.88–0.97)	0.0253	—	—
Angina	0.90 (0.86–0.94)	0.0244	—	—
Stroke	0.71 (0.68–0.75)	0.0267	0.44 (0.30–0.64)	0.1903
Asthma	0.88 (0.85–0.93)	0.0224	—	—
Cancer	0.88 (0.84–0.92)	0.0190	0.64 (0.53–0.79)	0.1015
CKD	0.84 (0.79–0.89)	0.0298	0.56 (0.36–0.87)	0.2216
Arthritis	0.65 (0.63–0.68)	0.0161	0.37 (0.31–0.44)	0.0901
Depression	0.55 (0.53–0.58)	0.0189	0.22 (0.14–0.33)	0.2171
Diabetes	0.83 (0.79–0.85)	0.0184	0.60 (0.50–0.72)	0.0999
Sociodemographic composition
Age group 80+ (65–79)	0.74 (0.71–0.77)	0.0198	0.14 (0.07–0.26)	0.3274
Black (White)	1.21 (1.12–1.30)	0.0370	1.56 (1.14–2.14)	0.1618
Hispanic (White)	1.19 (1.10–1.29)	0.0401	1.58 (1.16–2.15)	0.1579
Other race (White)	1.13 (1.05–1.22)	0.0377	1.73 (1.31–2.29)	0.1431
Female (male)	0.83 (0.80–0.86)	0.0165	0.33 (0.27–0.40)	0.1059
Unmarried/single (married/living-in)	0.86 (0.83–0.89)	0.0170	0.75 (0.64–0.88)	0.0827
Unemployed (employed)	—	—	1.34 (1.11–1.62)	0.0950
Income <$50,000/year (≥$50,000/year)	1.06 (1.03–1.10)	0.0181	—	—
Smoking (no smoking)	1.15 (1.03–1.10)	0.0258	1.68 (1.38–2.06)	0.1030

Note. Data source: 2014 BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System).
COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder.
CKD = Chronic Kidney Condition.
CI = Confidence Interval.
RR = relative risk; OR = odds ratio.