| | Variable | Unilateral arm crank exercise test | | Stroke | Control | 95% CI | value | | () | () |
| | O2 (mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1), mean ± SD | 10.0 ± 2.6 | 13.7 ± 2.1 | −5.6, −1.7 | <0.001 | | Heart rate (bpm), mean ± SD | 125 ± 14 | 129 ± 11 | −14, 6 | 0.428 | | Respiratory exchange ratio, mean ± SD | 1.28 ± 0.25 | 1.15 ± 0.13 | −0.03, 0.30 | 0.102 | | Minute ventilation (L⋅min−1), mean ± SD | 28.2 ± 9.0 | 29.5 ± 9.1 | −8.4, 5.8 | 0.715 | | Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen, mean ± SD | 48.1 ± 14.7 | 35.2 ± 3.6 | 3.9, 21.9 | 0.007 | | Ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide, mean ± SD | 39.9 ± 9.0 | 33.3 ± 3.5 | 0.9, 12.2 | 0.024 | | End-tidal oxygen fraction (%), mean ± SD | 17.1 ± 1.0 | 16.1 ± 0.5 | 0.3, 1.6 | 0.006 | | End-tidal carbon dioxide fraction (%), mean ± SD | 5.01 ± 0.66 | 5.32 ± 0.51 | −0.76, 0.14 | 0.166 | | Work rate (), mean ± SD | 34.1 ± 22.7 | 36.9 ± 7.4 | −17.0, 11.3 | 0.702 | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 177 ± 17 | 192 ± 18 | −29, −1 | 0.043 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 102 ± 13 | 105 ± 13 | −17, 11 | 0.484 | | Ratings of perceived exertion, median (IQR) | 15 (14, 17) | 15 (13, 17) | NA | 0.504 | | O2 at the ventilatory threshold (mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1), mean ± SD | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 1.6 | −3.8, −1.7 | <0.001 | | Number of participants who terminated exercise test when achieving 85% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate, (%) | 6 (37.5) | 5 (41.7) | NA | 0.999 | | Number of participants who achieved the respiratory exchange ratio at peak exercise of 1.10 or more, (%) | 14 (87.5) | 7 (58.3) | NA | 0.103 | | Termination reasons prior to achieving 85% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate, (%) | | | | | | General fatigue | 3 (18.8) | 0 (0.0) | | | | Arm muscle fatigue | 5 (31.2) | 4 (33.3) | | | | Diastolic blood pressure > 115 mmHg | 2 (12.5) | 3 (25.0) | | |
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