Prevalence and Complications of Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes in Saudi Women: Analysis from Riyadh Mother and Baby Cohort Study (RAHMA)

Table 3

Crude and adjusted Odds Ratio for maternal and neonatal complications in diabetic women compared to nondiabetic women.

Outcome	GDM; (24.2)		Pre-GDM; (4.3)
	Crude OR; (95% CI)	Adjusted OR; (95% CI)	Crude OR; (95% CI)	Adjusted OR; (95% CI)
Cesarean section	1.28 (1.1–1.4)	1.05 (0.94–1.18)	2.1 (1.7–2.5)	1.65 (1.32–2.1)
Induction of labour	1.1 (1.01–1.3)	1.39 (1.0–1.3)	1.55 (1.2–1.9)	1.67 (1.28–2.1)
Preterm delivery < 37 weeks	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.0 (0.8–1.3)	2.0 (1.5–2.7)	2.1 (1.5–2.8)
Stillbirth	1.08 (0.66–1.77)	1.1 (0.68–1.78)	3.39 (1.8–6.3)	3.66 (1.9–6.7)
Macrosomia	2.1 (1.6–2.7)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	2.7 (1.7–4.4)	1.6 (1.1–2.7)
Shoulder dystocia	0.9 (0.4–2.0)	1.0 (0.41–2.43)	3.2 (1.2–8.4)	2.4 (0.7–8.5)
APGAR < 7 at 5 min	1.4 (0.87–2.5)	1.25 (0.84–1.86)	4.4 (2.2–8.7)	3.82 (2.26–6.45)
Admission to NICU	1.2 (0.96–1.51)	1.16 (0.91–1.48)	2.12 (1.5–3.1)	2.21 (1.5–3.27)

OR: Odds Ratio; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; Pre-GDM: preexisting gestational diabetes mellitus; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit.
OR is adjusted for maternal age, parity, and BMI. Nondiabetic women are reference group.
P value < 0.05.