Effects of Cobalt Chloride, a Hypoxia-Mimetic Agent, on Autophagy and Atrophy in Skeletal C2C12 Myotubes

Figure 3

CoCl₂ induced autophagy via the HIF-1α/BNIP3/beclin-1 and AMPKα/mTOR pathways. Western blotting analysis revealed the protein levels of HIF-1α/BNIP3/beclin-1 (a) and p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-mTOR/mTOR (b) in C2C12 cells treated with CoCl₂. The bands were quantified using Image J and the expression levels of proteins were normalized relative to tubulin. , , and compared to control group.

(a)

(b)