(iv) Little inverse association between the use of multivitamins among white women and no evidence of reduced breast cancer risk among black women were reported
(iv) Dietary intake of lycopene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin was associated with a lower breast cancer risk among Chinese women. No association was found for alpha-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin
(vi) Dietary intake of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene are inversely associated with invasive breast cancers risk. No association was observed with the intake of lutein + zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin
(ii) Supplementation of vitamin C (500 mg) and vitamin E (400 mg) restored antioxidant enzyme status and DNA damage lowered in breast cancer and chemotherapy
(iii) The IV administration of 50 g twice a week decreased fatigue and insomnia and increased cognitive function in a woman with recurrent breast cancer undergoing weekly chemotherapy
(iv) The IV administration of 7.5 g resulted in a significant reduction of complaints induced by the disease and chemo/radiotherapy, without side effects
(ii) Supplementation of vitamin C (500 mg) and vitamin E (400 mg) restored antioxidant enzyme status and DNA damage lowered in breast cancer and chemotherapy
(iv) Association of 400 mg pentoxifylline and 100 mg of vitamin E after radiotherapy in breast cancer women may be used to prevent radiation-induced side effects
(viii) No association was reported between daily use of 1000 mg of calcium carbonate and 400 IU of vitamin D3 and benign proliferative breast disease risk
(xx) Higher plasma vitamin D3 was associated with a decreased breast cancer risk for women with a lower BMI; in higher alcohol intakes, lower levels of vitamin D3 are associated with an increase in breast cancer risk
(iii) Daily 10000 IU of vitamin D3 and 1000 mg of calcium supplementation in breast cancer patients with bone metastasis reduced elevated parathyroid hormone levels but had no beneficial palliative or bone resorption
(ii) Daily supplementation of folic acid (2.5 mf of folate), vitamin B6 (50 mg), and vitamin B12 (1 mg) had no effect on overall risk of total invasive cancer or breast cancer among women during the folic acid fortification era
(iii) Dietary folate intake has no significant effect on the breast cancer risk. Daily 220 μg increment in dietary folate intake was not associated with the risk of breast cancer
Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
(iv) Dietary folate intake and blood folate levels did not associate with breast cancer risk and this did not vary by menopausal status or hormonal receptor status
Meta-analysis of prospective and case-control studies
(v) Weak evidence of an inverse relationship between breast cancer risk and riboflavin intake and a positive association with vitamin B12 were established. No association varied by tumour hormone receptor status
(viii) Little or no association was reported between of plasma folate, pyridoxal 5-phosphate (i.e., the principal active form of vitamin B6), and vitamin B12 levels and breast cancer risk
(xi) Little or no association was shown between dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk; in addition, a dose-response meta-analysis suggested a J-shaped relationship between folate intake and breast cancer risk
Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies
(xii) Dietary folate intake was not associated with breast cancer risk but may be inversely associated with ER-positive /PR-negative tumours in Swedish patients
(xviii) Dietary folate intake was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Dietary methionine, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 (i.e., folate cofactors) intakes were not independently related to risk of breast cancer; however, they may modify the effect of folate
(xix) Higher dietary folate intake is slightly associated with a lower risk for ER-negative breast cancer, and high vitamin B12 and methionine intakes are marginally associated with a lower risk of ER-positive breast cancer among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women in the southwestern US
(xxii) Inverse association was verified between plasma folate levels and breast cancer risk was highly among women consuming at least 15 g/day of alcohol. Plasma vitamin B12 levels were inversely associated with breast cancer risk among premenopausal women but not among postmenopausal women. Plasma homocysteine levels was not associated with breast cancer risk
(xxiii) Serum pyridoxal 5-phosphate (i.e., the principal active form of vitamin B6) levels and dietary methionine intakes are associated with a reduced breast cancer risk, especially in postmenopausal women
(xxiv) High plasma vitamin B6 levels may diminish the breast cancer risk, particularly of ER-positive breast cancer; high plasma riboflavin levels may decrease the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women; and plasma homocysteine and the other B vitamins (e.g., folate and vitamin B12) levels do not appear to influence breast cancer risk
(i) Association between MTHFR C667T polymorphism and breast cancer risk and no association between dietary folate intake and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were established
(ii) Neither dietary folate and related B vitamins intakes nor MTHFR or MTR genotypes were overall associated with breast cancer risk in Japanese women. Associations of nutrients with breast cancer risk did not differ by hormone receptors status
(iii) Association was observed between MTHFR C677T and MTR A2756G polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Dietary folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 intakes influence these associations
(iv) Significant association was observed between MTHFR C667T polymorphism, dietary folate, and vitamin B6 intake and breast cancer risk and an interaction between MTHFR C667T polymorphism and folate intake on the breast cancer risk
(v) Vitamin B12 seems to reduce the risk of breast cancer, and MTHFR 665TT was associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Folate and vitamin B12 intakes and MTHFRC677T and MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms showed no association with breast cancer risk. THFR C665T genotype and low vitamin B6 intake are associated with an increased in breast cancer risk among Chinese population
(vi) Neither dietary folate, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 intakes nor MTHFR polymorphisms were independently associated with breast cancer risk. Increased breast cancer risk was observed in MTR 2756GG genotype and in premenopausal women with high folate intake among Brazilian women
(vii) Dietary folate and cobalamin intakes are inversely associated with methylated retinoic acid receptor-beta (RARB) and breast cancer-1 (BRCA1) genes. High dietary riboflavin and pyridoxine intakes are associated with increased methylation in the RARB promoter in Iranian patients
(i) Dietary vitamins B1 and B3 intake was associated with improved survival among women with breast cancer. MTHFR 677T polymorphism reduced all-cause mortality and breast cancer-specific mortality
(ii) Superior prophylactic effect of niacinamide compared to standard care for avoiding cutaneous symptoms and maintaining life quality of breast cancer patients while undergoing cytostatic treatment
(i) Comparable doses of marine ω-3 in dietary fish or in supplement provided increased plasma EPA and DHA in plasma, erythrocyte membranes, and breast adipose in women with a high risk of breast cancer. Increases in breast adipose EPA and DHA were the same for both groups
(ii) Total PUFAs were associated with increased overall and breast cancer risk in the placebo group, whereas this relationship was not observed in the antioxidant-supplemented group (antioxidants preserve essential PUFAs from peroxidation)
(iii) No association was observed between EPA and DHA intake from fish oil supplements and breast cancer outcomes. Marine fatty acids from food reduced risk of additional breast cancer events and all-cause mortality in breast cancer survivors
(xii) Consumption of high levels of ω-3 and low levels of ω-6 had a reduced breast cancer risk, compared to women who consume low levels of ω-3 and high levels of ω-6 among Long Island, New York, residents
(xiii) A minimum daily dose of 2.52 g EPA + DHA is required to increase their concentrations in breast adipose tissue. Daily doses up to 7.56 g of DHA and EPA were well tolerated with optimal compliance. BMI and baseline fatty acid concentrations modulated the dose-response outcomes of ω-3 PUFAs supplements on serum EPA and DHA and breast adipose tissue DHA in women at high risk of breast cancer
(xiv) Primary prevention trial of high dose EPA and DHA ethyl esters at a daily dose of 3.36 g (1860 mg EPA +1500 mg DHA) resulted in a good uptake, excellent tolerability, and retention in postmenopausal women. Increase ω-3 PUFAs (EPA+DHA): ω-6 AA ratio in erythrocyte and benign breast tissue phospholipids provided a favourable modulation in several biomarkers of breast cancer risk and inflammatory process
(xv) Increase in plasma DHA was associated with a decrease in absolute breast density (i.e., a validated biomarker of breast cancer risk) but only in obese women (BMI > 29)
(ii) Combination of DHA to an ROS-generating chemotherapy regime was safe and retained significant antitumour activity in metastatic breast cancer patients with high plasma DHA incorporation
Pilot open-label single-arm phase II clinical trial
(iii) High dose EPA and DHA supplementation (4 g/day) for 3 months increased serum EPA and DHA levels and total and long-chain ω-3 PUFAs and decreased arachidonic acid, total and long-chain ω-6 PUFAs, and the ω-6 : ω-3 PUFAs ratio compared to placebo. This dose also reduced bone resorption
Random, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
