Proanthocyanidins Attenuation of H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Damage in Tendon-Derived Stem Cells via Upregulating Nrf-2 Signaling Pathway

Figure 2

The isolated cells were identified by flow cytometry assay with lineage-specific markers and multidifferentiation potential assays. (a) Graphs showed the expression levels of the mesenchymal stem (CD90) and endothelial (CD31) cell markers on TDSCs. Compared to the isotype control, a high percentage of cells expressed CD90, whereas only few cells showed CD31. (b) Osteogenic differentiation assays. Alizarin-red-positive calcium nodules were observed after osteogenic induction of the cells for 3 weeks. Magnification: ×100. Cell size bar: 100 um. (c) Adipogenic differentiation assays. Lipid droplets were formed after incubating the cells in complete medium with adipogenic supplements for 3 weeks. Magnification: ×400. Cell size bar: 25 um. (d) Chondrogenic differentiation assays. Cartilage-like tissues with Alcian blue stained acid glycosaminoglycan were observed, which indicated the formation of extracellular cartilage matrix. Magnification: ×100. Cell size bar: 100 um.

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