| | Type | Matrix source | Cell source | Modification | Improvements after transplantation | Advantage | Shortage | Clinical trial |
| | Decellularized | Cadaveric and animal source:
Myocardial ECM, pericardium ECM, SIS, UBM, and so on | Alone, MSC, ATDSC, NRVCM, cardiomyocytes, and so on | FGF, HGF | LVEF ↑, LVFS ↑, infarct LV wall thickness ↑, infarct zone ↓, LV end diastolic and systolic pressure improvements | Purely extracellular matrix
Exact multiscale structure
Excellent biocompatibility
Less rejection responses
Preserved vascular network | Immature cells within a mature matrix
Nonuniform decellularization protocols
Lack of standards for successful decellularization
Variable sample composition
Limited by its own architecture | CorMatrix ECM trial [16] |
| | Fibro matrix | Natural fibers:
Collagen, fibrin, chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, albumin, and so on
Artificial synthetic fibers:
PGA, PLGA, PCU, PGS, PLA, PCL, PEG, and so on | Natural fibers always mixed with differentiated and proliferative potential cells: iPSC, MSC, ESC, BMMNC, and so on
or simply alone.
Artificial synthetic fibers usually are seeded with cardiac/smooth muscle cells: NRVCM, H9C2 cell line, C2C12 cell line, and so on | VEGF, FGF, HGF, IGF, TGFb, SDF-1a, physical stimulation, etc.
“bio-hybrid” | Cell survival and retention ↑, LVEF ↑, LVFS ↑, contractile synchronicity ↑, LV end-diastolic pressure ↓, LV pressure change ↑, infarct size ↓, fibrosis ↓ | Diversity of materials and solvents
Control of fiber morphology (nano to macro)
Nano-micro scale fiber fabrication
Prefect force strength
Well conduction velocity | Requires conductive polymers and solvents
Low production rates
Reproducible fiber production requires environmental control
Less biocompatibility
Lack of native stimulations for cell proliferation
Considerate biodegradable behavior | MAGNUM [17]
ESCORT [NCT02057900] |
| | Hydrogel tissue model | Matrigel, Collagen, and so on | Alone, ESC, NRVCM, myoblasts, cardiomyocytes, and so on | VEGF, FGF | LVFS ↑, infarct size ↓, infarcted/noninfarcted wall thickness ratio ↑, LV wall thickness preservation
Usually no LVEF improvements without components | Scaffold free
Minimally invasive
Catheter-based approach available | Limited to build macropieces
Persist heart pressure but not improve contractile function among all researches | PRESERVATION [18]
AUGMENT-HF [19] |
|
|
