Antifatigue Functions and Mechanisms of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms

Table 3

Polysaccharides from edible and medicinal mushrooms for fatigue mitigation.

Family	Species	Polysaccharide composition	Mechanism for anti-fatigue	Ref.
Ganodermataceae	Ganoderma lucidum	β-D-Glucan	Stimulates macrophages activity; Promotes antioxidant enzyme activity.	[55, 69]
Agaricaceae	Agaricus bisporus	β-1,3-Glucan	Improves natural killer cell activities.	[59]
Pleurotaceae	Pleurotus ostreatus	β-Glucan	Modulates changes in natural killer cell activities.	[70]
Meripilaceae	Meripilus giganteus	Glucan, Mw of 1.48 × 10^5 Da	Strong free radical scavenging activity.	[71]
Entolomataceae	Entoloma lividoalbum	β-Glucan	Stimulates macrophage, splenocyte, and thymocyte; Strong free radical scavenging activity.	[72]
Cordycipitaceae	Cordyceps sinensis	CSP-1 with glucose, mannose, and galactose in the ratio of 1 : 0.6 : 0.75; EPS-glycopeptide complex with EPS comprising glucose and mannose in the ratio of 3.2 : 1.0 and glycopeptide having Mw of 6.0 kDa	Hypoglycemic effect; Inhibits lactic acid production and increase liver and muscle glycogen storage; Regulates body hormone.	[32, 61, 65, 81]
Tremellaceae	Tremella fuciformis	α-(1→3)-linked D-mannan as backbone chain and small xylose- and glucuronic acid-containing side chains	Improves muscular function; Promotes antioxidant enzyme activity and strong free radical scavenging activity; Promotes liver protein synthesis.	[48, 50, 64, 73]
Marasmiaceae	Lentinus edodes	Mannose, glucose, and galactose	Strong free radical scavenging activity; Promotes antioxidant enzyme activity.	[49, 74]
Physalacriaceae	Armillaria ostoyae	Glucan and branched galactoglucan with glucose and galactose at the molar ratio of 6 : 1	Antioxidant activity.	[75]
Physalacriaceae	Flammulina velutipes	Three heteropolysaccharides with glucose, galactose, mannose, and xylose at different molar ratios and Mw of 9,930, 62,290, and 36,310 Da	Antioxidant activity.	[76]
Polyporaceae	Lentinus fusipes	Heteroglycan with D-galactose and D-glucose in the molar ratio of approximately 1 : 1 and Mw of 60 kDa	Stimulates splenocyte and macrophage activity; DPPH radical scavenging activity.	[77]
Polyporaceae	Ganoderma atrum	Polysaccharide-phenolic/protein conjugates with polysaccharide comprising mannose, galactose, and glucose in the ratio of 1 : 1.28 : 4.91 and Mw of 1,013 kDa	Antioxidant activity; Improves immunomodulation.	[78, 79]
Pleurotaceae	Pleurotus abalones	Polysaccharide-; peptide complex with polysaccharide comprising glucose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and galactose in the molar ratio of 22.4 : 1 : 1.7 : 1.6 and peptide having N-terminal amino acid sequence	Antioxidant activity.	[80]