The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania
Table 4
Risk of mortality during the 31-year follow-up by smoking and alcohol consumption category in men (the reference groups: never-smokers who reported drinking no alcohol).
Drinking status
Smoking status
Never
Former
Current
All-cause deaths
None
Number of deaths
58
43
32
HR 1 (95% CI)
1
1.63 (1.10–2.42)
2.15 (1.40–3.13)
HR 2 (95% CI)
1
1.60 (1.07–2.38)
1.99 (1.29–3.08)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
340
236
431
HR 1 (95% CI)
0.80 (0.61–1.06)
0.99 (0.74–1.32)
1.59 (1.21–2.10)
HR 2 (95% CI)
0.84 (0.63–1.11)
0.98 (0.73–1.31)
1.66 (1.25–2.21)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
32
24
96
HR 1 (95% CI)
1.37 (0.89–2.12)
0.94 (0.58–1.52)
2.33 (1.67–3.24)
HR 2 (95% CI)
1.31 (0.85–2.03)
0.88 (0.54–1.42)
2.13 (1.52–2.99)
CVD
None
Number of deaths
18
13
7
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1
2.00 (0.97–4.15)
0.96 (0.39–2.35)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1
1.62 (0.74–3.57)
0.91 (0.38–2.18)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
144
97
162
SHR 1 (95% CI)
0.91 (0.55–1.50)
1.11 (0.67–1.85)
1.39 (0.84–2.29)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
0.85 (0.51–1.42)
0.95 (0.56–1.60)
1.41 (0.84–2.36)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
11
12
38
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1.17 (0.55–2.53)
1.18 (0.58–2.39)
1.96 (1.10–3.49)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1.01 (0.47–2.17)
1.01 (0.49–2.08)
1.72 (0.95–3.14)
Cancer deaths
None
Number of deaths
7
10
7
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1
2.68 (1.00–7.18)
3.04 (1.04–8.88)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1
2.72 (1.01–7.33)
2.73 (0.93–7.98)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
78
57
136
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1.62 (0.75–3.50)
1.99 (0.91–4.34)
3.84 (1.80–8.20)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1.63 (0.76–3.49)
1.93 (0.88–4.22)
3.49 (1.64–7.47)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
7
5
32
SHR 1 (95% CI)
2.32 (0.81–6.61)
1.70 (0.53–5.43)
4.88 (2.16–11.0)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
2.26 (0.79–6.44)
1.57 (0.49–5.03)
4.17 (1.83–9.53)
External causes of death
None
Number of deaths
5
0
5
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1
—
2.28 (0.65–8.02)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1
—
1.52 (0.42–5.51)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
39
15
32
SHR 1 (95% CI)
0.87 (0.34–2.22)
0.63 (0.23–1.73)
0.82 (0.31–2.11)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1.02 (0.39–2.67)
0.69 (0.25–1.99)
0.68 (0.26–1.78)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
8
2
9
SHR 1 (95% CI)
2.48 (0.80–7.65)
0.66 (0.13–3.41)
1.19 (0.40–3.57)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
2.45 (0.78–7.69)
0.68 (0.13–3.35)
0.86 (0.29–2.56)
CVD mortality from CVD excluded those with previous CVD at the entry. CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, HR: hazard ratio, and SHR: subdistribution hazard risk. HR 1, SHR 1 adjusted for age. HR 2, SHR 2 adjusted for age, total cholesterol, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, education level, and marital status.
