Research Article

The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania

Table 5

Risk of mortality during the 31-year follow-up by smoking and alcohol consumption category in men (the reference groups: never-smokers who reported drinking 1–14 units of alcohol per week).

Drinking statusSmoking status
NeverFormerCurrent

All-cause deaths
 None
   Number of deaths584332
  HR 1 (95% CI)1.25 (0.94–1.65)2.03 (1.48–2.79)2.68 (1.86–3.85)
  HR 2 (95% CI)1.19 (0.90–1.58)1.91 (1.38–2.62)2.38 (1.65–3.43)
 1–14 units/week
   Number of deaths340236431
  HR 1 (95% CI)11.23 (1.04–1.46)1.98 (1.72–2.29)
  HR 2 (95% CI)11.17 (0.99–1.38)1.99 (1.71–2.30)
 >14 units/week
   Number of deaths322496
  HR 1 (95% CI)1.71 (1.19–2.46)1.17 (0.78–1.78)2.90 (2.31–3.65)
  HR 2 (95% CI)1.57 (1.09–2.26)1.05 (0.69–1.59)2.55 (2.01–3.22)
CVD
 None
   Number of deaths18137
  SHR 1 (95% CI)1.10 (0.67–1.81)2.20 (1.23–3.92)1.05 (0.48–2.30)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)1.17 (0.70–1.95)1.90 (1.00–3.63)1.06 (0.50–2.24)
 1–14 units/week
   Number of deaths14497162
  SHR 1 (95% CI)11.22 (0.95–1.57)1.52 (1.22–1.91)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)11.11 (0.86–1.43)1.65 (1.31–2.08)
 >14 units/week
   Number of deaths111238
  SHR 1 (95% CI)1.29 (0.69–2.41)1.29 (0.75–2.24)2.15 (1.49–3.09)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)1.19 (0.65–2.17)1.18 (0.67–2.06)2.02 (1.38–2.97)
Cancer deaths
 None
   Number of deaths7107
  SHR 1 (95% CI)0.62 (0.29–1.33)1.65 (0.83–3.30)1.88 (0.84–4.21)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)0.61 (0.29–1.32)1.67 (0.83–3.37)1.67 (0.74–3.77)
 1–14 units/week
   Number of deaths7857136
  SHR 1 (95% CI)11.23 (0.87–1.73)2.37 (1.79–3.14)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)11.19 (0.84–1.68)2.15 (1.62–2.84)
 >14 units/week
   Number of deaths7532
  SHR 1 (95% CI)1.43 (0.66–3.11)1.05 (0.42–2.64)3.01 (2.00–4.53)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)1.39 (0.63–3.03)0.96 (0.38–2.43)2.56 (1.67–3.93)
External causes of death
 None
   Number of deaths505
  SHR 1 (95% CI)1.15 (0.45–2.95)2.62 (1.02–6.77)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)0.98 (0.37–2.57)1.49 (0.55–4.07)
 1–14 units/week
   Number of deaths391532
  SHR 1 (95% CI)10.72 (0.40–1.32)0.94 (0.59–1.50)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)10.69 (0.37–1.26)0.67 (0.41–1.09)
 >14 units/week
  Number of deaths829
  SHR 1 (95% CI)2.86 (1.34–6.10)0.76 (0.18–3.13)1.37 (0.67–2.82)
  SHR 2 (95% CI)2.40 (1.12–5.18)0.67 (0.17–2.56)0.84 (0.41–1.74)

CVD mortality from CVD excluded those with previous CVD at the entry. CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, HR: hazard ratio, and SHR: subdistribution hazard risk. HR 1, SHR 1 adjusted for age. HR 2, SHR 2 adjusted for age, total cholesterol, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, education level, and marital status.