The Prognostic Value of Combined Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Habits for the Estimation of Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle-Age and Elderly Population: Results from a Long-Term Cohort Study in Lithuania
Table 5
Risk of mortality during the 31-year follow-up by smoking and alcohol consumption category in men (the reference groups: never-smokers who reported drinking 1–14 units of alcohol per week).
Drinking status
Smoking status
Never
Former
Current
All-cause deaths
None
Number of deaths
58
43
32
HR 1 (95% CI)
1.25 (0.94–1.65)
2.03 (1.48–2.79)
2.68 (1.86–3.85)
HR 2 (95% CI)
1.19 (0.90–1.58)
1.91 (1.38–2.62)
2.38 (1.65–3.43)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
340
236
431
HR 1 (95% CI)
1
1.23 (1.04–1.46)
1.98 (1.72–2.29)
HR 2 (95% CI)
1
1.17 (0.99–1.38)
1.99 (1.71–2.30)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
32
24
96
HR 1 (95% CI)
1.71 (1.19–2.46)
1.17 (0.78–1.78)
2.90 (2.31–3.65)
HR 2 (95% CI)
1.57 (1.09–2.26)
1.05 (0.69–1.59)
2.55 (2.01–3.22)
CVD
None
Number of deaths
18
13
7
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1.10 (0.67–1.81)
2.20 (1.23–3.92)
1.05 (0.48–2.30)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1.17 (0.70–1.95)
1.90 (1.00–3.63)
1.06 (0.50–2.24)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
144
97
162
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1
1.22 (0.95–1.57)
1.52 (1.22–1.91)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1
1.11 (0.86–1.43)
1.65 (1.31–2.08)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
11
12
38
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1.29 (0.69–2.41)
1.29 (0.75–2.24)
2.15 (1.49–3.09)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1.19 (0.65–2.17)
1.18 (0.67–2.06)
2.02 (1.38–2.97)
Cancer deaths
None
Number of deaths
7
10
7
SHR 1 (95% CI)
0.62 (0.29–1.33)
1.65 (0.83–3.30)
1.88 (0.84–4.21)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
0.61 (0.29–1.32)
1.67 (0.83–3.37)
1.67 (0.74–3.77)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
78
57
136
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1
1.23 (0.87–1.73)
2.37 (1.79–3.14)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1
1.19 (0.84–1.68)
2.15 (1.62–2.84)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
7
5
32
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1.43 (0.66–3.11)
1.05 (0.42–2.64)
3.01 (2.00–4.53)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1.39 (0.63–3.03)
0.96 (0.38–2.43)
2.56 (1.67–3.93)
External causes of death
None
Number of deaths
5
0
5
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1.15 (0.45–2.95)
—
2.62 (1.02–6.77)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
0.98 (0.37–2.57)
—
1.49 (0.55–4.07)
1–14 units/week
Number of deaths
39
15
32
SHR 1 (95% CI)
1
0.72 (0.40–1.32)
0.94 (0.59–1.50)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
1
0.69 (0.37–1.26)
0.67 (0.41–1.09)
>14 units/week
Number of deaths
8
2
9
SHR 1 (95% CI)
2.86 (1.34–6.10)
0.76 (0.18–3.13)
1.37 (0.67–2.82)
SHR 2 (95% CI)
2.40 (1.12–5.18)
0.67 (0.17–2.56)
0.84 (0.41–1.74)
CVD mortality from CVD excluded those with previous CVD at the entry. CI: confidence interval, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, HR: hazard ratio, and SHR: subdistribution hazard risk. HR 1, SHR 1 adjusted for age. HR 2, SHR 2 adjusted for age, total cholesterol, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, education level, and marital status.