Antimicrobial Activity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Opportunistic Microorganisms: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Synthesis and characterization of cerium oxide nanoparticles.

Synthesis method	Salt precursor	Particle size			Morphology	Surface; area; (m^2/g)	Zeta; potential; (mV)	Reference
		(nm)	Electron; microscopy; (nm)	Others; (nm)
Hydrolysis; (Rhodia chemical company)	Ce^4+()4	-	-	7	Ellipsoid	400	Ni	[28]
Hydrolysis; (Rhodia chemical company)	Ce^4+()4	-	-	7	Ellipsoid	400	Ni	[29]
Hydrothermal Precipitation	Ce()3	-	6 ± 3.5	28.9 ± 18.4	Square and; oval	Ni	-	[11]
		-	15 ± 4.3	38.1 ± 14.1	Circular and; oval	Ni	−40–+40
		-	22.3 ± 5.7	65.7 ± 15.2	Oval, rectangular,; and triangular	Ni	-
		-	45 ± 5	126.8 ± 24.1	Irregular	Ni	-
Hydrothermal microwave	Ce()3	-	-	7.0	-	Ni	20	[7]
Chemical	CeCl3	37.6	15–50	-	Ni	Ni	Ni	[15]
Ni; (Sigma Aldrich Company)	Ni	-	<25	-	Ni	Ni	Ni	[35]
Precipitation	Ce()3	-	-	-	Ni	Ni	Ni	[16]
Precipitation; (Flower Extract Acalypha indica)	CeCl3	36.2	8–54	-	Elliptical and; spherical	Ni	Ni	[13]
Sonochemical; (Ultrasonication)	Ce(NO3)3	25	20	-	Cubic	Ni	Ni	[18]
Precipitation; (Aspergillus niger)	CeCl3	14.95	10	-	Cubic and; spherical	Ni	Ni	[20]
Precipitation; (Gloriosa superba L. plant leaf extract)	CeCl3	24	5	-	Spherical	Ni	Ni	[21]
Hydrothermal	Ce(NO3)3	-	25–50	-	Spherical	Ni	Ni	[34]
Combustion; (Leaf extract Leucas aspera)	Ce(NO3)3	4.3–4.6	-	-	Cubic	Ni	Ni	[22]
Combustion	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6	35	42	-	Spherical	163.5	Ni	[30]
Precipitation; (Pectin fruit peel, Citrus maxima)	Ce(NO3)3	23.71	5–40	-	Spherical	Ni	−28.0	[23]
Combustion; (Watermelon juice Extract)	Ce(NO3)3	36	-	-	Irregular	Ni	Ni	[17]
Hydrothermal microwave; (Peel extract, Moringa oleifera)	(NH4)2Ce(NO3)	40–45	45	-	Spherical	Ni	Ni	[14]

-Scherrer formula; -ray scattering at a low angle; scattering of light; Ni: not identified; electron microscopy; electron microscopy; reference in chronological order; source: original source.