The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Retinopathy and Hearing Loss among Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Table 1

Comparison of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between diabetic retinopathy patients with and without hearing loss (N=638).

Variables	Retinopathy with Hearing Loss; ≥26 dB n=126	Non-Retinopathy Normal Hearing; <26 dB n=512	Odds Ratio 95%CI	P value
Age groups (in years):
<40	21(16.7)	160(31.2)	1
40-49	32(25.4)	115(22.5)	2.12(1.16-3.86)	0.014
50-59	24(19.0)	122(23.8)	1.50(0.79-2.81)	0.208
60 and above	49(38.9)	115(22.5)	3.24(1.18-4.08)	<0.001
Gender:
Male	54(42.9)	178(34.8)	1.50(0.94-2.09)	0.091
Female	72(57.1)	334(65.2)	1
Level of education:
Intermediate	56(44.4)	183(23.8)	1.50(1.00-2.47)	0.050
Secondary	31(24.6)	129(26.4)	1.23(0.73-2.07)	0.431
University	39(31.0)	200(37.6)	1
BMI (kg/m^2):
Normal (<25 kg/m^2)	33(26.2)	138(27.0)	1
Overweight 25-30 kg/m^2	52(41.3)	238(46.50)	0.91(0.56-1.48)	0.714
Obese >30 kg/m^2	41(32.5)	136 (26.6)	1.26(0.75-2.11)	0.378
Physical activity:
More than 30 min/day	38(30.2)	144(28.1)	1
Less than 30 min/day	88(69.8)	368(71.9)	0.90(0.59-1.38)	0.650
Fast food habits:
Yes	31(24.6)	76(14.8)	1.50(0.94-2.41)	0.009
No	95(75.4)	436(75.2)	1
Cigarette Smoking status:
Yes	27(21.4)	69(13.5)	1.75(1.16-2.87)	0.026
No	99(78.6)	443(86.5)	1
Do you use mobile phone
Yes	130(90.3)	423(81.8)	1.95(1.08-3.54)	0.027
No	14(9.7)	89(18.2)
Can you watch/hear TV:
Yes	111(88.1)	394(77.0)	2.21(1.24-3.94)	0.006
No	15(11.9)	118(23.0)	1
Family history of DM:
Yes	35(27.8)	83(16.2)	1.98(1.26-3.13)	0.003
No	91(71.2)	429(83.8)	1
Hypertension
Yes	29(23.0)	76(14.8)	1.71(1.10-2.77)	0.028
No	97(77.0)	436(85.2)	1
Tinnitus
Yes	42(33.3)	108(21.1)	1.87(1.22-2.87)	0.004
No	84(66.7)	404(78.9)	1
Vertigo
Yes	32(25.4)	85(16.6)	1.71(1.08-2.71)	0.023
No	94(74.6)	427(83.4)	1
Headache
Yes	68(54.0)	215(42.0)	1.61(1.09-2.40)	0.044
No	58(46.0)	297(58.0)	1
Duration of diabetes (years)	9.54±5.31	8.19±4.42	1.64(1.14-2.36)	0.028
Sleeping (in hrs)	5.88±1.25	6.39±1.24	2.93(1.96-4.45)	0.001