Number Traditional name Suggested scientific name Family Part(s) used Methods of application Ghafes Agrimonia eupatoria L. Eupatorium cannabinum Rosaceae Warm & dry Aerial Oral, vaginal (Hamool) - Komaphytus Ajuga chamaepitys Lamiaceae Warm & dry Aerial Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Koras Allium ampeloprasum L. (Allium porrum L.) Allium ascalonicum L.. Allium roseum L. Allium scorodoprasum L. Allium ursinum L. Allium vineale L.Amaryllidaceae Warm & dry Leaf, bulb Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B Basal Allium cepa L.Amaryllidaceae Warm & dry Bulb Oral, bath 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Sooom Allium sativum L.Amaryllidaceae Warm & dry Bulb Bath 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Abu khalsa Alkanna tinctoria (Anchusa tinctoria L.) Boraginaceae Warm & dry Root Oral, vaginal (Hamool), bath - Karafs Apium graveolens Petroselinum crispum (Mill.)Fuss Apium petroselinum L.)Apiaceae Warm & dry Fruit, stem, root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 3 M.B Zaravand Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. & Reut. Aristolochia longa L.) Aristolochia maurorum L.)Aristolochiaceae Warm & dry Aerial, root Oral, vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 2 M.B Ghaysoom Artemisia abrotanum Artemisia montana (Nakai)Pamp.Asteraceae Warm & dry Flower, leaf, root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Afsantin Artemisia absinthium Artemisia maritima L. Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.Asteraceae Warm & dry Aerial, leaf Oral, vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 4 M.B Berenjasef Artemisia vulgaris L. Achillea eriophora DC.Asteraceae Warm & dry Root, aerial Oral, bath, topical 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Asaron Asarum europaeum Aristolochiaceae Warm & dry Root, leaf Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B Helyoun Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus adscendens Roxb.Asparagaceae Warm & dry Aerial, rhizome, root Vaginal (Hamool & Forzajah) 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Komashir Athamanta macedonica L.Apiaceae Warm & dry Aerial Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B - Kornob Brassica oleracea L.Brassicaceae Warm & dry Leaf Oral, vaginal (Hamool & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 4 M.B Ghantoriyoun Centaurium erythraea Gentianaceae Warm & dry Aerial Vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Qost Cheilocostus speciosus (Costus speciosus) Costaceae Warm & dry Rhizome Oral, vaginal (Forzajah & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Khandarili Chondrilla juncea L. Asteraceae Dry Leaf Vaginal (Forzajah) - Hemmes Cicer arietinum Fabaceae Warm & dry Seed Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Salikheh Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum) Cinnamomum iners Cinnamomum bejolghota SweetLauraceae Warm & dry Bark Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B Darcini Cinnamomum verum Cinnamomum zeylanicum )Lauraceae Warm & dry Bark Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 4 M.B - Ladan Cistus ladanifer L. Cistus creticus L. Cistus incanus L. Tropaeolum majus L.Cistaceae Warm & dry Flower, leaf, seed, whole plant vaginal (Forzajah & Bakhoor) 5 P.B - Hanzal Citrullus colocynthis Cucumis colocynthis L. )Cucurbitaceae Warm & dry Fruit Vaginal (Forzajah & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 3 M.B Otroj Citrus medica L.Rutaceae Compound Fruit Oral - Moghl Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.Burseraceae Warm & dry Gum Oral, vaginal (Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 1 M.B Morr Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (Commiphora molmol) Burseraceae Warm & dry Vaginal Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Phaghlaminus/Artanisa Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. (Cyclamen europaeum) Primulaceae Warm & dry Rhizome, root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 2 M.B Ezkher Cymbopogon citratus Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) RendlePoaceae Warm & dry Flower Oral, topical 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Soed Cyperus longus L. Cyperus rotundus L.Cyperaceae Warm & dry Root Oral - Dooghou Daucus carota L.Apiaceae Warm & dry Root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 2 M.B Oshagh Dorema ammoniacum Apiaceae Warm & dry Resin Oral, vaginal (Hamool) - Loof Dracunculus vulgaris Schott Arum dracunculus L. ) Arum italicum Arum maculatum Araceae Warm & dry Root Oral, vaginal (Hamool), nasal - Ghesa-al hemar Ecballium elaterium L. (Momordica elaterium) Cucurbitaceae Warm & dry Fruit, seed Oral, vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Kheiry Erysimum × cheiri L. Cheiranthus cheiri L.)Brassicaceae Warm & dry flower Oral, vaginal (Hamool), bath Farfiyoun Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbia resinifera Euphorbiaceae Warm & dry Flowering plant, root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) - Razyanaj Foeniculum vulgare Mill Apiaceae Warm & dry Seed, root Oral 5 P.B & 2 M.B Barzad Ferula gummosa Apiaceae Warm & dry Resin vaginal (Hamool & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 1 M.B Sakbinaj Ferula persica Willd.Apiaceae Warm & dry Resin Oral, vaginal (Forzajah & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 5 M.B Tin Ficus carica L.Moraceae Warm & moist Fruit vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B - Jentiana Gentiana lutea Gentianaceae Warm & dry Root Oral 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Kondosh Gypsophila struthium Loefl Schoenocaulon officinale (Schltdl. & Cham.) A.Gray Veratrum album L.Caryophyllaceae Warm & dry Root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) - Ashagheh Hedera helix L.Araliaceae Warm & dry Leaf Vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B - Kharbagh siyah Helleborus niger Ranunculaceae Warm & dry Rhizome, root Vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 3 M.B Hofarighoon Hypericum perforatum L Hypericum barbatum Jacq Hypericum coris L.Hypericaceae Warm & dry Bud, flower, aerial Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 1 M.B Rasan Inula helenium Calamintha incana Boiss.Asteraceae Warm & dry Rhizome Oral, vaginal (Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 4 M.B - Irsa Iris Germanica (Iris × florentina L.) Iris ensata Thunb.Iridaceae Warm & dry Rhizome, root Oral, vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Abhal Juniperus sabina L.Cupressaceae Warm & dry berry cones, pseudo fruit Oral, vaginal (Hamool & Bakhoor) - Horf Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae Warm & dry Aerial Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Kashem/Anjedan roomi Levisticum officinale (Ligusticum levisticum) Seseli tortuosum Apiaceae Warm & dry Fruit, root, aerial Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B Soosan sefid Lilium candidium Liliaceae Hot & mild Bulb Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 1 M.B Maye-sayeleh Liquidambar orientalis Mill.Altingiaceae Warm & dry Sap Oral, vaginal (Hamool & Forzajah & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Farasiyoun Marrubium vulgare Lamiaceae Warm & dry Aerial, whole herb Oral, bath, topicl 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Baboonaj Matricaria chamomilla L. (Matricaria recutita) Anthemis nobilis L. Tripleurospermum disciforme (C.A.Mey.)Sch.Bip.Asteraceae Warm & dry flower Oral, bath 5 P.B & 4 M.B - Sisanbar Mentha aquatica L. Mentha piperita L.Lamiaceae Warm & dry Aerial Oral, bath 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Foodenj Mentha pulegium L. Mentha longifola L. Mentha aquatica L. Mentha × piperita L.Lamiaceae Warm & dry Aerial, leaf Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 5 M.B Shoniz Nigella sativa L.Ranunculaceae Warm & dry Seed Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B Jawshir Opopanax chironium Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl.Apiaceae Warm & dry Gum Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 5 M.B Fawania Paeonia lactiflora Pall Paeoniaceae Warm Seed, root Oral 5 P.B & 2 M.B Harmal Penagum harmala (Harmala peganum) Nitrariaceae Warm & dry Seed Oral, topical Fatrasaliyoun Petroselinum crispum (Carum Petroselinum, Petroselinum sativum) Apiaceae Warm & dry Fruit, aerial Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B Loobia Phaseolus vulgaris Leguminosae Warm & moist Seed Oral, bath 5 P.B & 4 M.B Anison Pimpinella anisum Umbelliferae Warm & dry Fruit Oral, vaginal (Hamool & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Senobar Pinus sp.Pinaceae Warm & dry Resin Vaginal (Bakhoor) - Felfel Piper nigrum L.Piperaceae Warm & dry Fruit Oral, vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Gharasia Prunus cerasus L. (Cerasus vulgaris) Prunus avium L. (Cerasus avium) Rosaceae Cold & dry Fruit, peduncle Oral - Loos al mor Prunus dulcis (Amygdalus communis var. amara) Rosaceae Warm & dry Leaf, flower, fruit Vaginal (Hamool & Forzajah) 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Fowweh Rubia tinctorum Rubiaceae Warm & dry Root Vaginal (Hamool) 5 P.B & 3 M.B Hommaz Rumex acetosa L. Rumex conglomeratus Murray Rumex acutus Sm.)Polygonaceae Cold & dry Leaf, aerial Oral - Sodab Ruta graveolens L.Rutaceae Warm & dry Aerial Vaginal (Hamool & Forzajah) Satroniyoun Saponaria officinalis Caryophyllaceae Warm & dry Root Oral, vaginal (Hamool) - Oshnan Seidlitzia rosmarinus Salicornia sp.Amaranthaceae Warm & dry Leaf, stem, ash Oral 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Semsem Sesamum indicum L. (Sesamum orientale L.) Pedaliaceae Warm & moist Seed Oral 5 P.B & 1 M.B Ghora-tol-ayn Sium latifolium L Apiaceae Warm & dry Root Oral 5 P.B - Astarak Styrax officinale Styracaceae Warm & dry Resin Oral, vaginal (Forzajah & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 1 M.B - Ogh’hovan Tanacetum parthenium Anthemis arvensis L. Anthemis cotula L. Compositae Warm & dry Aerial Oral, vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B Khas barri Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund (Taraxacum officinale) Asteraceae Cold & moist Aerial, leaf, rhizome, root, whole herb Oral 5 P.B - Kamadarius Teucrium chamaedrys Lamiaceae Warm & dry Aerial Oral 5 P.B & 2 M.B Jo’dah Teucrium polium L.Lamiaceae Warm & dry Whole herb Oral 5 P.B Hasha Thymus vulgaris Thymus capitatus Lamiaceae Warm & dry Aerial, leaf Oral 5 P.B & 4 M.B Holbeh Trigonella foenum-graecum Fabaceae Warm & dry Seed Oral, bath, topical 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Handaghughi Trifolium pretense Trigonella coerulea (Desr.) Ser.Leguminosae Warm & dry Flower Oral 5 P.B & 2 M.B - Anjoreh Urtica dioica Urticaceae Warm & dry Flowering plant, root Oral, vaginal (Hamool & Fetelah) 5 P.B Phow Valeriana dioscoridis Sm.Caprifoliaceae Warm & dry Aerial, rhizome Oral, bath 5 P.B - Kharbagh sefid Veratrum album L. Melanthiaceae Warm & dry Root, rhizome Vaginal (Forzajah) 5 P.B & 3 M.B - Aslagh Vitex agnus-castus L.Lamiaceae Warm & dry Fruit, leaf Oral, vaginal (Hamool & Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 2 M.B Mo Vitis vinifera L. (Vitis sylvestris C.C.Gmel) Vitaceae Warm & dry Leaf Oral, bath 5 P.B - Meshketaramashie Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Origanum dictamnus Mentha aquatic L.Lamiaceae Warm & dry Leaf Oral, vaginal (Bakhoor) 5 P.B & 4 M.B
References were regarding scientific names [
20 –
25 ].
According to TPM basics, four provital elements as fire, air, water, and soil are the main components of all objects in the world. Every element has particular quality: fire is hot and dry, air is hot and wet, water is cold and wet, and soil is cold and dry. Difference and variety of objects are based on the different amount of these elements in their structures. After action and reaction of four main elements, one or two qualities will be overcoming. Temperament is actually specific quality of an object based on dominant element(s) in its structure and creates different characteristics in objects. All things in the world, including humans, plants, and even diseases have temperaments [
10 ,
26 ].
Repetitious plants: repeated at least in 5 pharmaceutical textbooks of traditional Persian medicine: Al-Hawi al- kabir, Al- Qanun fit-tib, Al- Jame lemofradat al- aghziyeh va al- adviyeh, Tuhfat al-mu’minin, and Makhzanal al- adviyeh.
Experienced, specific, unique plants: medicinal plants which were special or potent or experienced in menstrual induction according to traditional Persian medicine scientists’ concept (mentioned in Al-Havi al- kabir, Al- Qanun fit-tib, Al- Jame lemofradat al- aghziyeh va al- adviyeh, Tuhfat al-mu’minin, Makhzanal al- adviyeh, and Al-Tasrif). Hamool or vaginal or rectal cotton-load: a tissue of cotton or wool loading with natural drugs was inserted in the vagina or rectum [
27 ]. Forzajah or vaginal pessary: a wet cotton or wool tissue feeding with dry or wet compound natural medications placed inside vagina [
27 ]. Fateelah or vaginal or rectal wick: a strip or thread of fibrous or spongy material feeding with special medications inserted into the penis fossa, rectum, or vagina [
27 ]. Bakhoor or vaginal or rectal fumigation: the smoke of burning natural drugs [
27 ]; P.B: pharmaceutical textbooks of traditional Persian medicine (as Al-Hawi al- kabir, Al- Qanun fit-tib, Al- Jame lemofradat al- aghziyeh va al- adviyeh, Tuhfat al-mu’minin, and Makhzanal al- adviyeh); M.B: medical textbooks of traditional Persian medicine (Al-Hawi al- kabir, Al- Qanun fit-tib, Al-Tasrif, Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Al-asba
̄ b wa-al-ala
̄ ma
̄ t, and Exir Azam).
