BioMed Research International

Review Article

Natural Antispasmodics: Source, Stereochemical Configuration, and Biological Activity

Table 3

Natural products with antispasmodic activity isolated from terrestrial plants.
Compound nameSpecies (Family)Preparation (Solvent)Model testedSourceReference
Monoterpenoids     
1 Myrcene, β-myrcenePlectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae)Leaf (MeOH)ACh, BaCl2, KCl in guinea pig ileumEO[17]
2 Citral B, β-citral, NeralAloysia triphylla (Verbenaceae)Leaf (Hexane)Carbachol, KCl, O, PGF (2α) in rat uterusIC[18]
Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae)Leaf (MeOH 70%)ACh, KCl in rabbit ileumIC[19]
Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae)Aerial part (EtOH 70%)ACh, KCl in rat ileumEO[20]
3 Geranyl formateAnthemis mauritiana (Compositae)Flower (Distillation)Ca2+, carbachol, KCl in rabbit and rat jejunumEO[21]
4 Geranyl acetateNepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)Leaf (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunumEO[22]
5 GeraniolRosa damascene (Rosaceae)Flower (hydrodistillation)ACh, KCl, electrical field stimulation in rat ileumIC[23]
6 CitronellolRosa damascene (Rosaceae)Flower (hydrodistillation)ACh, KCl, electrical field stimulation in rat ileumIC[23]
7 (±)--PhellandreneZingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)Rhizome (MeOH)Serotonin in rat ileumEO[24]
8 (±)--PhellandreneCroton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae)Leaf (Distillation)ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscleEO[25]
9 TerpinoleneZingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)Rhizome (MeOH)Serotonin in rat ileumEO[24]
10 D-(+)-LimoneneZingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae)Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether)Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscleEO[26]
Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[27]
Dracocephalum kotschyi (Lamiaceae)Aerial part (Hydrodistillation)ACh, electrical field stimulation, KCl in rat ileumEO[28]
11  -TerpineneAcalypha phleoides (Euphorbiaceae)Aerial part infusion MeOH-CHCl3 (1:1)ACh, BaCl2, H, S in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunumIC[29]
12 ThymoquinoneNigella sativa (Ranunculaceae)Seed infusion (Aqueous)BaCl2, carbachol, leukotriene in rat tracheaIC[30]
13 (R)-(+)-PulegoneCalamintha glandulosa (Lamiaceae)Aerial parts infusion (Diethyl ether)KCl in rat ileumIC[31]
Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[27]
14 (-)-MentholMentha piperita (Lamiaceae)Leaf and flower infusion (EtOH)S in rat ileumIC[32]
15 dl--TerpineolCasimiroa pringlei (Rutaceae)Aerial part infusion (Ethylic ether)KCl in rat uterine smooth muscleIC[33]
Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae)Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether)Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscleEO[26]
Dracocephalum kotschyi (Lamiaceae)Aerial part (Hydrodistillation)ACh, electrical field stimulation, KCl in rat ileumEO[28]
16 (-)-PiperitoneCasimiroa pringlei (Rutaceae)Aerial part infusion (Ethylic ether)KCl in rat uterine smooth muscleIC[33]
17 (+)-RotundifoloneMentha x villosa (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[27]
18 ()-(-)-CarvoneMentha x villosa (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[27]
19 (R,R,R)-Carvone-1,2-oxide)Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[27]
20 (S)-(+)-CarvoneMentha x villosa (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[27]
21 1,8-CineoleOcimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[34]
Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunumEO[22]
Casimiroa pringlei (Rutaceae)Aerial part infusion (Ethylic ether)KCl in rat uterine smooth muscleIC[33]
22  p-CymeneLippia graveolens (Verbenaceae)Leaf infusion (Distillation)Carbachol, H in guinea pig ileumIC[35]
Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae)Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether)Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscleEO[26]
Poliomintha longiflora (Lamiaceae)Leaves stem infusion (Distillation)Carbachol, H in guinea pig ileumIC[35]
23 CarvacrolOriganum acutidens (Lamiaceae)Leaf, stem and flower infusion (MeOH)Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumEO[36]
Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)Whole plants (Ethanol)ACh, BaCl2, KCl in rat trachea and ileumIC[37]
24 ThymolAcalypha phleoides (Euphorbiaceae)Aerial part infusion [MeOH-CHCl3 (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl, S in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunumIC[29]
Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)Whole plants (Ethanol)ACh, BaCl2, KCl in rat trachea and ileumIC[37]
25 Thujane or SabinaneAnthemis mauritiana (Asteraceae)Flower infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in rabbit jejunal smooth muscleEO[21]
26 (±)-CamphorAcalypha phleoides (Euphorbiaceae)Aerial part infusion [MeOH-CHCl3 (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl, S in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunumIC[29]
Lippia dulcis (Verbenaceae)Leaf infusion (Steam distillation)Carbachol, H in porcine bronchiEO[38]
27 (+)--PineneAnthemis mauritiana (Asteraceae)Flower infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in rabbit jejunal smooth muscleEO[21]
Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunumEO[22]
Plectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileumEO[17]
28 (-)--PineneDissotis rotundifolia (Melastomataceae)Leaf infusion (EtOH)Carbachol in mouse intestinal motilityE[39]
Eucalyptus tereticornis (Myrtaceae)CommercialACh, KCl in rat tracheaEO[40]
Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae)Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether)Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscleEO[26]
29 (+)--PineneFerula gummosa (Apiaceae)Resin infusion (Hydroalcoholic, ether, MeOH)ACh, KCl in rat ileumIC[41]
Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)Rhizome infusion (MeOH)S in rat ileumEO[24]
Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae)Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether)Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscleEO[26]
30 CantleyineStrychnos trinervis (Loganiaceae)Root bark (EtOAc)Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig tracheaIC[42]
31 PenstemonosideParentucellia latifolia (Scrophulariaceae)Whole plant infusion (Butanol)ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat uterusIC[43]
32 Aucubine or aucubosideParentucellia latifolia (Scrophulariaceae)Whole plant infusion (Butanol)ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat uterusIC[43]
33 2′-O-AcetyldihydropenstemideViburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae)Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH)Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig tracheaE[44]
34 2′-O-trans-p-Coumaroyl-dihydropenstemideViburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae)Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH)Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig tracheaE[44]
35 2′-O-AcetylpatrinosideViburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae)Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH)Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig tracheaE[44]
36 PatrinosideViburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae)Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH)Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig tracheaE[44]
37 Valtriate or ValepotriateValeriana procera (Valerianeaceae)Root infusion (EtOH)BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in guinea pig ileum and stomachIC[45]
38 Isovaltrate or IsovaltratumValeriana procera (Valerianeaceae)Root infusion (EtOH)BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in guinea pig ileum and stomachIC[45]
39 EpoxygaertnerosideMorinda morindoides (Rubiaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[46]
40 GaertnerosideMorinda morindoides (Rubiaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[46]
41 Catalpinoside or CatapolParentucellia latifolia (Scrophulariaceae)Whole plant infusion (Butanol)ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat uterusIC[43]
Sesquiterpenes      
43 (±)-HernandulcinLippia dulcis (Verbenaceae)Leaf infusion (Steam distillation)Carbachol, H in porcine bronchiEO[38]
43 Humulene or α-CaryophylleneNepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl, in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunumEO[22]
44β-Caryophyllene epoxideConyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae)Leaf infusion (Steam distillation)ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscleEO[25]
45β-CaryophylleneCroton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae)Leaf infusion (Steam distillation)ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscleEO[25]
Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
Plectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileumEO[17]
Pterodon polygalaeflorus (Fabaceae)Seed (Steam distillation)ACh, KCl in rat ileum smooth muscleIC[48]
46 Bicyclogermacrene or LepidozeneCroton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae)Leaf infusion (Steam distillation)ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscleEO[25]
47 (+)-CapsidiolNicotiana silvestri (Solanaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)ACh, BaCl2, bradykinin, carbachol in guinea pig ileum and tracheaIC[49]
48 S-PetasinPetasites formosanus (Compositae)Aerial parts (EtOH)CaCl2, carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig tracheaIC[50]
49 (+)-IsopetasinPetasites formosanus (Compositae)Aerial parts (EtOH)CaCl2, carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig tracheaIC[50]
50 Valeranone o JatamansoneValeriana procera (Valerianeaceae)Root infusion (EtOH)BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in guinea pig ileum and stomachIC[45]
51 ChamazuleneMatricaria recutita (Asteraceae)Plant infusion (Aqueous)Human plateletE[51]
52 SpathulenolCroton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae)Leaf infusion (Steam distillation)ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscleEO[25]
Lepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Hexane)KCl in rat uterusIC[52]
53 CynaropicrinCynara scolymus (Asteraceae)Leaf and flower infusion (MeOH 70%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[53]
54 CedrenolAnthemis mauritiana (Asteraceae)Flower infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in rabbit jejunal smooth muscleEO[21]
55 (+)-Bakkenolide AHertia cheirifolia (Asteraceae)Aerial parts (MeOH)ACh, BaCl2 in rat duodenumIC[54]
56 HimachalolCedrus deodara (Pinaceae)Wood infusionACh, BaCl2, H, nicotine, S in guinea pig ileum and seminal vesicle, rabbit jejunum and rat uterusIC[55]
57 (E)-DamascenoneIpomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)H in guinea pig ileal smooth muscleIC[56]
58 (-)-Isogermacrene DArtemisia vulgaris (Compositae)Stem and leaf infusion (Aqueous)guinea pig ileum [57]
59 EzoalantoninArtemisia vulgaris (Compositae)Leaf (CHCl3)H, PMA, S in guinea pig ileum and tracheaIC[57]
60 CostunolideRadix aucklandiae (Asteraceae)Rhizome (MeOH)ACh, KCl, S in rat jejunumIC[58]
61 DehydrocostuslactoneRadix aucklandiae (Asteraceae)Rhizome (MeOH)ACh, KCl, S in rat jejunumIC[58]
Diterpenes      
62 E-PhytolIpomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)H in guinea pig ileal smooth muscleIC[56]
63 3α-Angeloyloxy-2α-hydroxy-13,14Z-dehydrocativic acidBrickellia paniculata (Compositae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl in rat myometrial tissueIC[59]
64 15-Epicyllenin AMarrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh in mouse ileumIC[60]
65 Cyllenin AMarrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh in mouse ileumIC[60]
66 MarrulibacetalMarrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh in mouse ileumIC[60]
67 (13R)-9α,13α-epoxylabda-6β(19),16(15)-diol dilactoneMarrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh in mouse ileumIC[60]
68 MarrubinMarrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae)Aerial parts (Aqueous)KCl in rat aortaIC[61]
69 Marrubenol or MarrubiolMarrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae)Aerial parts (Aqueous)KCl in rat aortaIC[61]
70 Marrulanic acidMarrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh in mouse ileumIC[60]
71 MarrulactoneMarrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh in mouse ileumIC[60]
72 (+)-Dehydroabietic acidLepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Hexane)KCl in rat uterusIC[52]
73 9β-Hydroxydehydroabietyl alcoholLepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Hexane)KCl in rat uterusIC[52]
74 9α,13α-Epidioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid methyl esterLepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (Hexane)KCl in rat uterusIC[52]
75 4-epi-Hyalic acidCroton argyrophylloides (Euphorbiaceae)Bark infusion (MeOH)ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscleIC[62]
76 Pimaradienoic acid or Continentalic acidViguiera arenaria (Asteraceae)Root infusion (CH2Cl2)ACh, KCl in rat carotid arteryIC[63]
77 8(14),15-Sandaracopimaradiene-7α,18-diolTetradenia riparia (Lamiaceae)Leaf infusion (CHCl3)BaCl2, H, methacholine in guinea pig ileumIC[64]
78 3,4-Secoisopimara-4(18),7,15-triene-3-oic acidSalvia cinnabarina (Lamiaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2, H in guinea pig ileumIC[65]
79 ent-Kaurenoic acidViguiera arenaria (Asteraceae)Root infusion (CH2Cl2)ACh, KCl in rat carotid arteryIC[63]
Viguiera hypargyrea (Asteraceae)Root infusion (Hexane)Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[66]
80 Beyerenic acid or Monogynoic acidViguiera hypargyrea (Asteraceae)Root infusion (Hexane)Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[66]
81 ent-7α-Acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acidXylopia langsdorfiana (Annonaceae)Stem infusion (EtOH 95%)BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[67]
82 ent-7α -hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acidXylopia langsdorfiana (Annonaceae)Stem infusion (EtOH 95%)BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[67]
83 Phorbol 12-acetate-13-tiglateCrotonis tiglium (Euphorbiaceae)Fruit (MeOH)Spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumE[68]
84 3,7,10,14,15-pentaacetyl-5-butanoyl-13,17-epoxy-8-myrsinenePycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae)Aerial parts (MeOH)KCl in rat illeumIC[69]
Triterpenoids     
85 Agapanthagenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosideAllium elburzense (Alliaceae)Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane)H in guinea pig ileumIC[70]
86 AgapanthageninAllium elburzense (Alliaceae)Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane)H in guinea pig ileumIC[70]
87β-sitosterolEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[71]
88 β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosideEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[71]
89 α-Spinasteryl β-D-glucosideConyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
90 Tropeoside B1 and B2Allium cepa(Alliaceae)Bulbs [CHCl3:MeOH (9:1)]ACh, H in guinea pig ileumIC[72]
91 Tropeoside A1 and A2Allium cepa(Alliaceae)Bulbs [CHCl3:MeOH (9:1)]ACh, H in guinea pig ileumIC[72]
92 Elburzensoside A1 and A2Allium elburzense (Alliaceae)Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane)H in guinea pig ileumIC[70]
93 Elburzensoside C1 and C2Allium elburzense (Alliaceae)Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane)H in guinea pig ileumIC[70]
94 Galphimin AGalphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[73]
95 Galphimin BGalphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[73]
96 Galphimin CGalphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[73]
97 Galphimin EGalphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[73]
98 Galphimin FGalphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[73]
99 HandianolHerissanthia tiubae (Malvaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOH)Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea, and rat aortaIC[74]
100 CycloartanolHerissanthia tiubae (Malvaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOH)Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea-pig ileum, trachea and rat aortaIC[74]
101 Taraxasteryl acetateBrickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae)Aerial parts [CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1)]Gastrointestinal motility test in mouseE[75]
102 Pomolic acid or Benthamic acid or Randialic acid ALicania pittieri (Rosaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOH)Carbachol, KCl in rat aortaIC[76]
103 Ursolic acidAgastache mexicana (Lamiaceae)Aerial part (MeOH)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[77]
104 EhretiolideEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[78]
105 Ehretiolide acetateEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[78]
106 CamaldulinEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[71]
107 Zygophyloside NZygophyllum gaetulum (Zygophyllaceae)Root infusion (MeOH)Electrically-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileumE[79]
108 ErythrodiolConyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
109 3-β-tridecanoyloxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-eneConyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
110 3--Hydroxyolean-9(11),12-dien-28-oic acidEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[78]
111 4-epi-HederageninHedera helix (Araliaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOH)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
112 Hederacoside CHedera helix (Araliaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOH)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
113 Betulinic acidEucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)Leaf infusion (EtOAc)KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunumIC[78]
114 α-Amyrin acetateTylophora hirsuta (Asclepiadaceae)Aerial parts (MeOH)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[81]
Phloroglucinol derivatives     
115 HyperforinHypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 70%)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[82]
116 HypericinHypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 70%)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[82]
Coumarins     
117 ScopoletinBrunfelsia hopeana (Solanaceae)Root infusion (EtOH)Phenylephrine, KCl, PGF2, serotonin in rat aortaIC[83]
118 TodannoneToddalia asiatica var. floribunda (Rutaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 95%)ACh, BaCl2, H, nicotine in guinea pig ileumIC[84]
119 (2S,3R)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylfuro[3,2c] coumarinFerula heuffelii (Apiaceae)Underground part (CHCl3)ACh, KCl in rat ileumIC[85]
120 OstholePrangos ferulacea (Apiaceae)Root (Acetone)ACh, KCl, electric field stimulation in rat ileumIC[86]
121 AngelicinHeracleum thomsoni (Apiaceae)Aerial part infusion (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2, H, S in cat ureter, guinea pig bile duct and trachea, monkey gall bladder, rabbit jejunum, and rat uterusIC[87]
122 GlycycoumarinGlycyrrhizae radix (Leguminosae)Root infusion (Aqueous)A23187, BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in mouse jejunumIC[88]
Glycyrrhiza ularensis (Leguminosae)Root infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol in mouse jejunumE[89]
Chalcones     
123 DavidigeninMascarenhasia arborescens (Apocynaceae)Leaf and stem infusion (MeOH)ACh, H in guinea pig and rat duodenumIC[90]
124 IsoliquiritigeninGlycyrrhiza glabra (Leguminosae)Root infusion (Aqueous)ACh, KCl, O, spontaneous contraction in rat uterusIC[91]
Glycyrrhiza ularensis (Leguminosae)Root infusion (Aqueous) (Aqueous)BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in mouse jejunum,ileum and rectumIC[92]
125 Licochalcone AGlycyrrhiza inflata (Leguminosae)Root infusion (Aqueous)A23187, BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in mouse jejunumIC[93]
Flavonoids      
126 (-)-PinostrobinConyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
127 (-)-(S)-SakuranetinDodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat uterusIC[94]
128 (±)-SternbinArtemisia monosperma (Compositae)Aerial part (EtOH)ACh, O in rat ileum, pulmonary artery, urinary bladder, trachea, and uterusIC[95]
129 Ouratea catechinMaytenus rigida (Celastraceae)Stem bark (EtOH)BaCl2, carbachol, KCl, H in guinea pig ileumIC[96]
130 ApegeninAchillea millefolium (Asteraceae)Whole plant infusion (MeOH 40%)ACh, CaCl2, H, PE, S in rat ileumIC[97]
131 Buddleoflavonol or LinarigeninAgastache mexicana (Lamiaceae)Aerial part (MeOH)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[77]
132 LuteolinAchillea millefolium (Asteraceae)Whole plant infusion (MeOH 40%)ACh, CaCl2, H, PE, S in rat ileumIC[97]
Artemisia copa (Compositae)Aerial parts (Aqueous)KCl, PE, S in rat aortaE[98]
Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)Aerial part (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and tracheaIC[99]
Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)Leaf and flower (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2, carbachol, H in guinea pig ileum and trachea, and rat vas deferensIC[100]
133 Scutellarein 6-β-D-glucoside (isovitexin)Aloysia citridora (Verbenaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat duodenumIC[101]
134 VitexinAloysia citridora (Verbenaceae)Leaf infusion (Aqueous)ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat duodenumIC[101]
Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae)Commercial (Aqueous)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[102]
135 XanthomycrolBrickellia paniculata (Compositae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)KCl, O in rat uterusIC[59]
136 DemethoxycentaureidinPiptadenia stipulacea (Leguminosae)Aerial parts, (CHCl3)Carbachol, H, O, in guinea pig ileum and trachea, rat aorta and uterusIC[103]
137 Gnaphaliin BGnaphalium liebmannii (Asteraceae)Aerial parts (Hexane)ACh, carbachol in guinea pig tracheaIC[104]
138 Kaempferol or KaempherolHedera helix (Araliaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 30%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
139 Gnaphaliin AGnaphalium liebmannii (Asteraceae)Aerial parts (Hexane)ACh, carbachol in guinea pig tracheaIC[104]
140 QuercetinAchillea millefolium (Asteraceae)Whole plant infusion (MeOH 40%)ACh, CaCl2, H, PE, serotonin in rat ileumIC[97]
Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)Leaf extract (MeOH)Peristalsis in guinea pig ileumIC[105]
Drosera madascariensis (Droseraceae)Leaf extract (EtOH 70%)Carbachol, H, PGF2 in guinea pig ileum and tracheaIC[106]
Drosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 70%)Carbachol in guine pig ileumIC[107]
Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae)Leaf extract (Aqueous)Ac, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[46]
141 3-O-MethylquercetinRhamnus nakaharai (Rhamnaceae)Stem bark (not reported)Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig tracheaIC[108]
142 3,4′-DimethylquercetinArtemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae)Aerial part (MeOH 67%)Carbachol in guinea pig tracheaIC[109]
143 3,7-DimethylquercetinArtemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae)Aerial part (MeOH 67%)Carbachol in guinea pig tracheaIC[109]
144 IsoquercetinConyza filaginoides (Asteraceae)Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in rat ileumIC[47]
Hedera helix (Araliaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 30%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
Drosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 70%)Carbachol in guinea pig ileumIC[107]
Drosera madascariensis (Droseraceae)Leaf extract (EtOH 70%)Carbachol, H, PGF2 in guinea pig ileum and tracheaIC[106]
Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)Leaf extract (MeOH)Peristalsis in guinea pig ileumIC[105]
145 Quercetin 3-α-rhamnoside or QuercitrosidePsidium guajava (Myrtaceae)Leaf extract (MeOH)Peristalsis in guinea pig ileumIC[105]
Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae)Leaf extract (Aqueous)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[46]
146 Quercetin 3-O-β-L-arabinosidePsidium guajava (Myrtaceae)Leaf extract (MeOH)Peristalsis in guinea pig ileumIC[105]
147 Quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactosidePsidium guajava (Myrtaceae)Leaf extract (MeOH)Peristalsis in guinea pig ileumIC[105]
Drosera madascariensis (Droseraceae)Leaf extract (EtOH 70%)Carbachol, H, PGF2 in guinea pig ileum and tracheaIC[106]
148 Quercetin 3-O-β-gentiobioside 3-O-β-D-Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae)Leaf extract (Aqueous)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumIC[46]
GlucopyranosylquercetinDrosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 70%)Carbachol in guinea pig ileumEO[107]
149 CentaureidinArtemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae)Aerial part (MeOH 67%)Carbachol in guinea pig tracheaIC[109]
150 Casticin or VitexicarpinArtemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae)Aerial part (MeOH 67%)Carbachol in guinea pig tracheaIC[109]
151 Prunetol or SophoricolGenista tridentata (Papilionaceae)Not reportedAC, electric field stimulation, 6-oxo PGE1 in guinea pig ileumIC[110]
152 Boeravinone EBoerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae)Root infusion (MeOH)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[111]
153 4,6,11-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-10-methyl-6,12-dihydro-5,7-dioxatetraphen-12-oneBoerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae)Root infusion (MeOH)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[111]
154 Boeravinone GBoerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae)Root infusion (MeOH)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[111]
155 (2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-ManniflavononeGarcinia buchananii (Clusiaceae)Stem bark (EtOH 70%)Bay K 8644 in mouse ileumIC[112]
156 HyperosideHypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 70%)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[82]
157 ChrysoeriolArtemisia copa (Compositae)Aerial parts (Aqueous)KCl, PE, S in rat aortaE[98]
Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae)Commercial (Aqueous)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[102]
158 SpinacetinArtemisia copa (Compositae)Aerial parts (Aqueous)KCl, PE, S in rat aortaE[98]
159 Vicenin 2Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae)Commercial (Aqueous)ACh, BaCl2 i rat ileumIC[113]
160 OrientinAspalathus linearis (Fabaceae)Commercial (Aqueous)KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[102]
Phenylmetanoids     
161 Salicylic acid methyl etherBrickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae)Aerial parts [CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1)]Gastrointestinal motility test in mouseE[75]
162 O-Anisic acid or 6-Methoxysalicylic acidBrickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae)Aerial parts [CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1)]Gastrointestinal motility test in mouseE[75]
163 Protocatechuic acidHedera helix (Araliaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 30%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
164 Benzyl 2,5-dimethoxybenzoateBrickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae)Aerial parts [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]Gastrointestinal motility test in mouseE[75]
Phenylethanoids     
165 O-MethylbalsamideZanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae)Stem bark infusion (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileumIC[114]
166 (-)-TembamideZanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae)Stem bark infusion (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileumIC[114]
167 O-MethyltembamideZanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae)Steam bark infusion (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileumIC[114]
Phenylpropanoids     
168 EugenolOcimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae)Not reportedACh, KCl in guinea pig ileumEO[34]
169 Rosemaric acid or Rosemary acid or trans-Rosmarinic acidThymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)CommercialKCl in rat tracheaIC[100]
170 trans-Chlorogenic acidHedera helix (Araliaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 30%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
171 cis-Chlorogenic acidHedera helix (Araliaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 30%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
172 3,5-Dicaffeoylquininic acidHedera helix (Araliaceae)Aerial parts (EtOH 30%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[80]
173 VerbascosidePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and tracheaE[99]
174 Isoacteoside or IsoverbascosidePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and tracheaE[99]
175 Plantamajoside or Plantamoside or Purpureaside APlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and tracheaE[99]
176 LavandulifoliosidePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae)Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and tracheaE[99]
177 EchinacosideCistanche tubulosa (Orobanchaceae)No reported (EtOH)KCl, PE in rat aortaIC[115]
178 Schisandrin A or Wuweizisu ASchisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae)AcademicSpontaneous contractions in rat colonIC[116]
179 Schisandrin B or Wuweizisu BSchisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae)Fruit decoction (Aqueous)ACh, KCl, S in guinea pig ileumIC[117]
180 Schisandrol BSchisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae)Fruit decoction (Aqueous)ACh, KCl, S in guinea pig ileumIC[117]
Stilbenoids     
181 Aloifol II or Dendrophenol or MoscatilinNidema boothii (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH 1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[118]
182 Batatasin IIINidema boothii (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH 1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[118]
Scaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[119]
183 4-[2-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-methoxyphenolScaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[119]
184 GigantolNidema boothii (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[118]
185 CoeloninScaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[119]
186 ErianthridinMaxillaria densa (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[120]
187 EphemeranthoquinoneNidema boothii (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileumIC[118]
188 NudolMaxillaria densa (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[120]
189 3,4- dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diolMaxillaria densa (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[120]
190 DenthyrsininScaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[119]
191 GymnopusinMaxillaria densa (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[120]
192 Fimbriol AMaxillaria densa (Orchidaceae)Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)]ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileumIC[120]
Curcuminoid     
193 (1E,5S,6E)-5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3-oneCurcuma longa (Zingiberaceae)Macerated rhizome (EtOH 70%)ACh, BaCl2, CaCl2, H, KCl, O in guinea pig Ileum and rat uterusIC[121]
Benzofurans and Related     
194 (+)-Vitisin CVitis spp. (Vitaceae)Stem infusion (MeOH)PE in rabbit aortaIC[122]
195 ButylphthalideLigusticum wallichii (Umbelliferae)Rhizome (hydrodistillation)CaCl2, KCl in rat aortaEO[123]
196 cis-ButylidenephthalideLigusticum wallichii (Umbelliferae)Rhizome (hydrodistillation)CaCl2, KCl in rat aortaEO[123]
197 Ligustilide A or cis-LigustilideLigusticum wallichii (Umbelliferae)Rhizome (hydrodistillation)CaCl2, KCl in rat aortaEO[123]
198 12-acetoxytremetoneHelichrysum italicum ssp. italicum (Asteraceae)Flowers (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in mouse ileumIC[124]
199 1-[(2R)-2-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]ethan-1-oneHelichrysum italicum ssp. italicum (Asteraceae)Flowers (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in mouse ileumIC[124]
Alkaloids     
200 IndicaxanthinOpuntia ficus indica (Cactaceae)Fruit pulp infusion (Aqueous)Carbachol, KCl in mouse ileumIC[125]
201 PapaverineDaucus carota (Apiaceae)Seed infusion (MeOH 90%)ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl, S, O in dog trachea, guinea pig, rabbit, rat ilea, rat uterusIC[126]
202 HigenamineNandina domestica (Berberidaceae)Fruit (Aqueous)ACh, H, KCl in guinea pig tracheaIC[127]
203 AtherosperminineFissistigma glaucescens (Annonaceae)Bark (MeOH)Carbachol, KCl, LTC4, PGF2α, U46619 in guinea pig tracheaIC[128]
204 (+)-Domestine or (+)-NanteninePlatycapnos spicata (Fumariaceae)Academic supplierBaCl2, CaCl2, KCl, PE, S in rat aorta and atriaIC[129]
205 10-MethylacridoneCitrus deliciosa (Rutaceae)Root juice (MeOH)Rabbit ileumIC[130]
206 Spermatheridine or liriodeninFissistigma glaucescens (Annonaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Carbachol in canine tracheaIC[131]
207 Citpressine ICitrus deliciosa (Rutaceae)Root juice (MeOH)Rabbit ileumIC[130]
208 Jatrorhizine or NeprotineBerberis aristata (Berberidaceae)Institutional supplierACh, S, spontaneous contractions in rat ileumIC[132]
Coptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae)Rhizoma (EtOH 70%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[133]
209 CoptisineCoptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae)Rhizoma (EtOH 70%)ACh in guinea pig ileumIC[133]
210 Escholine or ThalictrineMahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas)Cortex and fruit infusionKCl, PE in rat aortaIC[134]
211 (+)-IsothebaineMahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas)Cortex and fruit infusionKCl, PE in rat aortaIC[134]
212 (+)-CorytuberineMahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas)Cortex and fruit infusionKCl, PE in rat aortaIC[134]
213 (+)-Isocorydine or LuteanineMahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas)Cortex and fruit infusionKCl, PE in rat aortaIC[134]
214 (+)-Chelidonine or StylophorineChelidonium majus (Papaveraceae)Commercial supplierBaCl2, carbachol in guinea pig ileumIC[135]
215 (-)-8 beta-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3-dimethoxyberbin-10-olAristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileumIC[136]
216 3-O-methylconstrictosineAristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileumIC[136]
217 3,5-di-O-methylconstrictosineAristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileumIC[136]
218 5,6-dihydro-3,5-di-O-methylconstrictosineAristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileumIC[136]
219 5,6-dihydroconstrictosineAristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileumIC[136]
220 ConstrictosineAristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae)Aerial part infusion (MeOH)ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileumIC[136]
221 IsojuripidineSolanum asterophorum (Solanaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)ACh, CaCl2, H in guinea pig ileumIC[137]
222 SarcodineSarcocca saligna (Buxaceae)Whole plant (MeOH)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunumIC[138]
223 Saracorine or SarcorineSarcococca saligna (Buxaceae)Whole plant infusion (MeOH)ACh, KCl in rabbit jejunumIC[139]
224 SaracocineSarcocca saligna (Buxaceae)Whole plant (MeOH)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunumIC[138]
225 Alkaloid CSarcocca saligna (Buxaceae)Whole plant (MeOH)ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunumIC[138]
226 (-)-Pachyaximine ASarcococca saligna (Buxaceae)Whole plant infusion (MeOH)ACh, KCl in rabbit jejunum, KClIC[139]
227 (-)-(R)-Geibalansine or (-)-R-GeilbalansineZanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae)Stem bark infusion (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileumIC[114]
228 HyemalineZanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae)Stem bark infusion (EtOH)ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileumIC[114]
229 TheophyllineFissistigma glaucescens (Annonaceae)Leaf infusion (MeOH)Carbachol in canine tracheaIC[131]
230 Carboxyscotangamine AScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
231 Scotanamine AScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
232 PiperinePiper nigrum (Piperaceae)Fruit (EtOH)Ileum loop in miceIC[141]
Amines     
233 Scotanamine BScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[123]
234 Scotanamine CScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
235 Scotanamine DScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
236 N1-Caffeoyl-N3-dihydrocaffeoylspermidineScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
237 N1, N10-Bis(dihydrocaffeoyl)spermidineScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
238 CaffeoylputrescineScopolia tangutica (Solanaceae)Root (95% EtOH)Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cellIC[140]
Isothiocyanates     
239 Redskin or SenfoelCruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)Commercial sourceACh, electrical contraction in mouse ileumIC[142]
Alcohols     
240 (3E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-olZingiber cassumunar (Zingiberaceae)Chemically synthesizedO in rat uterusIC[143]
Ketones     
241 2-DecanoneRuta chalepensis (Rutaceae)Leaf (EtOH 70%)KCl in rat ileumE[144]
242 2-UndecanoneRuta chalepensis (Rutaceae)Leaf (EtOH 70%)KCl in rat ileumE[144]
243 2-TridecanoneRuta chalepensis (Rutaceae)Leaf (EtOH 70%)KCl in rat ileumE[144]
244 LatifoloneFerula heuffelii (Apiaceae)Underground part (CHCl3)ACh, KCl in rat ileumIC[85]
245 DshamironeFerula heuffelii (Apiaceae)Underground part (CHCl3)ACh, KCl in rat ileumIC[85]
Phenolic compounds     
246 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-hexanonic acid (HMPHA)Pycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae)Aerial parts (MeOH)KCl in rat ileumIC[145]
247 IsovanillinPycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae)Aerial parts (MeOH)KCl in rat ileumIC[146]
248 Iso-acetovanillonPycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae)Aerial parts (MeOH)KCl in rat ileumIC[146]
IC = isolated compound, E = extract, EO = essential oil, ACh = acetylcholine, O = oxytocin, PMA = β-Phenylethyl amsine, PGF = Prostaglandin F2α, H = histamine, S = serotonin.