Natural Compounds for the Management of Parkinson’s Disease and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Table 2

Effects of natural compounds used as an alternative therapy for PD.

Source	Compound	Action mechanism	Refs
Ginkgo biloba	EGb761	Antioxidant, inhibited toxic effect of levodopa, inhibited MAO activity, behavioural deficit, anti-apoptotic, maintain , bcl-2, caspase-3, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress	[9–15]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgetin	ROS, maintain	[16]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgolide B and Bilobalide	-synuclein, anti-apoptotic	[17]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgo biloba extract	SOD, GHS, malondialdehyde	[18]
Ginseng	Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1	Antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, bcl-2, Bax, iNOS, caspase-3, SOD, GHS, -synuclein fibrils, TNF-, IFN-, IL-1, IL-6, Wnt-1, -catenin, GSK-3, maintain , cytochrome c release	[19–28]
Ginseng	Ginsenosides Rd and Re	Antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, improved mitochondrial function	[29, 30]
Flavonoid	Baicalein	lipid peroxidation, serotonin, dopamine levels, oxidative stress, -synuclein aggregation, DJ-1, NF-B, ERK, JNK	[31–40]
Flavonoid	Luteolin	Inflammation, ROS, oxidative stress	[41–43]
Flavonoid	Quercetin	Antioxidant, SOD, GPx, oxidative stress, ATPase, catalase, complex I activity, PKD1, Akt, CREB, BDNF	[44–47]
Flavonoid	Kaempferol	SOD, GHS, lipid peroxidation,autophagy	[48, 49]
Flavonoid	Rutin	oxidative stress, SOD, GPx, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, catalase	[50, 51]
Flavonoid	Isoquercitrin	oxidative stress	[52]
Flavonoid	Apigenin	Inflammation, ROS	[43, 53]
Flavonoid	Troxerutin	lipid peroxidation, ROS, DNA fragmentation	[54]
Flavonoid	Hesperidin	Antioxidant	[55, 56]
Valeriana officinalis	Extract of valerian	Normalised SOD and catalase mRNAs	[57]
Valeriana wallichii	Valeriana wallichii	ROS, Inflammation, lipid peroxidation	[58]
Passiflora incarnata	Extract of passion flower	Antioxidant	[59]
Passiflora cincinnata	Passiflora cincinnata	Antioxidant	[60]
Hypericum perforatum	Extract of St. John’s wort	Antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, GHS, catalase, malondialdehyde, DNA fragmentation	[61, 62]