Role of the CHADS₂ Score in the Evaluation of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Carotid Artery Ultrasonography

Table 2

Comparison of carotid ultrasound indices and VVI indices between the control group and the AF groups (grouped according to the type of AF).

		Atrial fibrillation (n = 109)
	Control group; (n = 50)	Paroxysmal AF group; (n = 59)	Persistent AF group; (n = 50)
Plaque index	0.16 ± 0.62	1.05 ± 1.3	1.42 ± 1.
Mean IMT (mm)	0.56 ± 0.11	0.61 ± 0.	0.64 ± 0.1
Max IMT (mm)	0.71 ± 0.13	0.77 ± 0.12	0.83 ± 0.15
Ds (mm)	6.71 ± 0.80	7.42 ± 1.	7.72 ± 1.6
Dd (mm)	6.24 ± 0.82	6.95 ± 1.0	7.22 ± 1.6
Ep (kPa)	751.32 ± 682.21	876.08 ± 410.27	1091.29 ± 828.
	9.22 ± 7.68	11.42 ± 5.87	13.58 ± 12.7
DC (mmHg-1×10^−2)	0.15 ± 0.09	0.14 ± 0.06	0.14 ± 0.11
AC (mm^2/kPa)	1.21 ± 1.23	3.35 ± 2.	3.14 ± 2.
β	7.35 ± 5.95	8.42 ± 3.92	10.34 ± 9.
Vs (cm/s)	0.56 ± 0.12	0.49 ± 0.	0.45 ± 0.2
Vd (cm/s)	0.29 ± 0.07	0.24 ± 0.0	0.24 ± 0.1
Vm (cm/s)	0.42 ± 0.09	0.35 ± 0.1	0.37 ± 0.1
Long Pv S (cm/s)	0.60 ± 0.71	0.31 ± 0.1	0.24 ± 0.2
Long Pv D (cm/s)	0.32 ± 0.19	0.21 ± 0.1	0.19 ± 0.1
Long Ps S (%)	5.04 ± 3.63	3.28 ± 2.1	2.67 ± 2.7
Long Ps D (%)	8.74 ± 8.48	4.86 ± 2.4	4.10 ± 3.3
Long Psr S (1/s)	1.21 ± 1.23	0.67 ± 0.3	0.57 ± 0.4
Long Psr D (1/s)	0.65 ± 0.41	0.51 ± 0.2	0.43 ± 0.3
Long Pd S (mm)	0.27 ± 0.24	0.13 ± 0.0	0.13 ± 0.1
Long Pd D (mm)	0.47 ± 0.53	0.21 ± 0.1	0.17 ± 0.1
tLoD (mm)	0.73 ± 0.66	0.34 ± 0.1	0.31 ± 0.2
Ra Pv S (cm/s)	0.22 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.18	0.14 ± 0.1
Ra Pv D (cm/s)	0.15 ± 0.12	0.10 ± 0.0	0.12 ± 0.11
Ra Pd S (mm)	0.10 ± 0.11	0.07 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.0
Ra Pd D (mm	0.18 ± 0.20	0.12 ± 0.08	0.09 ± 0.0

Note: compared with the control group, < 0.05; < 0.01; <0.001.
Compared with the paroxysmal atrial fibrillation group, ^†P < 0.05; ^††P < 0.01; ^†††P < 0.001.
IMT, intima media thickness; VVI, velocity vector imaging; AC, arterial compliance; Ds, systolic diameter; Dd, diastolic diameter; Ep, pressure strain elastic modulus; DC, distensibility coefficient; β, stiffness index; Vs, systolic peak velocity; Vd, diastolic peak velocity; Vm, mean velocity; Long Pv S, systolic longitudinal peak velocity; Long Pv D, diastolic longitudinal peak velocity; Long Ps S, systolic longitudinal peak strain; Long Ps D, diastolic longitudinal peak strain; Long Psr S, systolic longitudinal peak strain rate; Long Psr D, diastolic longitudinal peak strain rate; Long Pd S, systolic longitudinal peak displacement; Long Pd D, diastolic longitudinal peak displacement; Ra Pv S, systolic radial peak velocity; Ra Pv D, diastolic radial peak velocity; Ra Pd S, systolic radial peak displacement; Ra Pd D, diastolic radial peak displacement; tLoD, total longitudinal displacement.