Systematic Review of Appropriate Robotic Intervention for Gait Function in Subacute Stroke Patients

Table 3

Mean value and effect size calculations on gait and gait related function outcomes.

Outcomes

Groups

Difference within groups

Cohen’s d

Pretraining

Posttraining

Follow-up

Post minus pre

Follow-up minus pre

Exp-Con

Pre-post

After follow-up

Before follow-up

Exp

Con

Exp

Con

Exp

Con

Exp

Con

Exp

Con

Pre

Post

Follow-up

Exp

Con

Exp

Con

Exp

Con

Hesse et al., 2012 [15]

FAC

1.5; (0.5)

1.4; (0.5)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.4; (1.2

1.2; (1.5

3.0; (0.8

1.7; (1.8

0.2

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Gait velocity

0.27; (0.12)

0.25; (0.08)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.31; (0.17

0.16; (0.20

0.39; (0.22

0.25; (0.32

0.19

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

RMI

3.9; (1.1)

3.7; (1.1)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

3.8; (2.2

2.1; (1.8

5.8; (3.2

3.7; (3.4

0.18

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Morone et al., 2012 [16]

FAC (LM)

0.1; (0.3)

0.0; (0.0)

4.0; (0.9

2.1; (1.2)

4.7; (0.5

3.1; (1.3)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.79

1.62

5.81

N/A

0.96

0.80

11.16

N/A

RMI (LM)

1.6; (0.8)

1.3; (0.9)

9.4; (2.7

4.9; (2.0)

11.8; (3.5

7.0; (3.6)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.35

1.89

1.35

3.92

2.32

0.77

0.72

4.02

2.17

BI (LM)

14.2; (11.8)

7.9; (8.9)

69.6; (15.1

52.1; (14.1)

76.9; (11.5

64.7; (14.0)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.60

1.19

0.95

4.08

3.74

0.54

0.90

5.38

4.84

FAC (HM)

0.0; (0.0)

0.0; (0.0)

3.8; (1.1)

3.8; (1.1)

4.3; (0.9)

4.3; (0.9)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0

0

N/A

N/A

0.50

0.50

N/A

N/A

RMI (HM)

1.8; (1.4)

2.2; (1.9)

7.4; (4.1)

10.1; (4.0)

10.4; (3.6)

10.6; (3.9)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.23

0.66

0.05

1.83

2.52

0.78

0.13

3.15

2.74

BI (HM)

20.0; (17.2)

24.6; (15.3)

64.2; (21.2)

74.2; (20.3)

74.3; (18.7)

77.6; (20.4)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.28

0.48

0.16

2.29

2.76

0.51

0.17

3.02

2.94

Chang et al., 2012 [3]

FAC

0.5; (0.5)

0.4; (0.5)

1.3; (0.7)

1.4; (0.8)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.2

0.13

N/A

0.32

1.50

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Dragin et al., 2014 [4]

Gait speed

0.38; (0.09)

0.37; (0.10)

0.54; (0.13

0.44; (0.09)

0.59; (0.11

0.45; (0.10)

0.16; (0.1

0.07; (0.1)

0.21; (0.1

0.08; (0.1)

0.10

0.89

1.33

1.43

0.74

0.42

0.11

2.09

0.80

BBS

38.4; (9.2)

36.4; (12.0)

44.8; (7.9

40.5; (10.1)

46.7; (8.1

43.9; (9.7

6.4; (3.1)

4.18; (3.34)

8.4; (2.2

7.55; (4.76

0.18

0.47

0.31

0.75

0.37

0.24

0.34

0.96

0.69

BI

78.6; (10.9)

75.4; (14.6)

87.3; (7.5)

85.9; (8.6)

90.9; (6.6)

91.4; (6.4)

8.6; (6.4)

10.45; (7.57)

12.3; (6.8)

15.91; (12.81)

0.24

0.17

0.07

0.93

0.88

0.51

0.73

1.37

1.42

Van Nunen et al., 2015 [17]

Walking speed

0.20; (0.16)

0.17; (0.17)

0.31; (0.27

0.21; (0.21

0.39; (0.30

0.26; (0.21

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.18

0.41

0.50

0.50

0.21

0.28

0.24

0.79

0.47

FAC

1.25; (0.58)

0.29; (0.99)

2.00; (0.88

2.00; (0.13

2.60; (0.84

2.27; (1.42

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

1.18

0

0.28

1.01

2.42

0.70

0.27

1.87

1.62

BBS

14.4; (9.5)

15.0; (9.6)

17.4; (14.7

17.9; (10.2

21.7; (12.2

20.4; (12.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.06

0.03

0.10

0.24

0.29

0.32

0.22

0.67

0.50

RMI

3.8; (2.0)

3.8; (2.0)

5.8; (2.3

5.6; (2.4

6.5; (2.2

6.1; (2.5

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0

0.08

0.16

0.93

0.81

0.31

0.20

1.28

1.02

TUG

45

41

47

42

32

37

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Ochi et al., 2015 [18]

FAC

1; (1-2)

2; (1-2)

3; (3-4

3; (3-3

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Walking speed

N/A

N/A

0.26; (0.18–0.70)

0.17; (0.15–0.24)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

FIM

7; (6–10)

7; (7–9)

13; (13–21

13; (12–17

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Taveggia et al., 2016 [19]

6 MWT

124.8; (117.6)

171.4; (130.0)

191.6; (174.8)

272.8; (155.6)

184.9; (139.8)

295.6; (183.9

66.8; (30.3)

101.4; (40.6)

59.6; (27.5)

124.2; (36.9

0.37

0.49

0.67

0.45

0.71

0.04

0.13

0.47

0.78

TWT

0.27; (0.25)

0.46; (0.26)

0.56; (0.44

0.66; (0.19)

0.53; (0.37

0.72; (0.38)

0.28; (0.08

0.21; (0.1)

0.25; (0.07

0.26; (0.09)

0.74

0.29

0.50

0.81

0.88

0.07

0.20

0.82

0.80

Tinetti gait

3.3; (2.9)

5.2; (1.9)

5.4; (2.7)

8.6; (3.8)

5.8; (2.9)

8.6; (1.9)

2.1; (0.6

3.4; (0.8

2.4; (0.4

3.4; (0.6

0.77

0.97

1.14

0.75

1.13

0.14

0.00

0.86

1.79

FIM

75.6; (22.8)

90.8; (15.3)

89.4; (24.3)

100.2; (11.0)

100.1; (21.8)

100.6; (9.9)

13.8; (3.3

9.4; (4.6)

24.5; (4.4

12.8; (6.2)

0.78

0.57

0.02

0.59

0.71

0.46

0.04

1.10

0.76

Exp: experimental group. Con: control group. FAC: functional ambulation classification. RMI: Rivermead mobility index. HM: high Motricity. LM: low Motricity. BI: Barthel index. BBS: Berg balance scale. TWT: 10 m walking test. TUG: timed up and go. 6 MWT: 6 m walk test. FIM: functional independence measure. N/A: not available. Significantly different within groups, ; significantly different between groups, ; large effect size.