Biomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Apatite-Wollastonite Ceramic Cage Design for Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Finite Element Model Study

Table 1

Material properties of the tissues within the spinal column [11]. ALL: anterior longitudinal ligament; PLL: posterior longitudinal ligament; TL: transverse ligament; LF: ligamentum flavum; ISL: interspinous ligament; SSL: supraspinous ligament; CL: capsular ligament.

Material	Elastic modulus	Poisson coefficient	Cross-sectional area
Cortical bone	12000	0.3	—
Cancellous bone	100	0.2	—
Posterior elements	3500	0.25	—
Intervertebral disc
Nucleus	1	0.499
Ground substance	4.2	0.45
Annulus fibers	450	—	0.76
End plate	24	0.4
Ligaments
ALL	20	—	63,7
PLL	20	—	20
TL	58.7	—	3.6
LF	19.5	—	40
ISL	11.6	—	40
SSL	15	—	30
KL	32.9	—	60
Titanium	110000	0.28	—