Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Diabetes Mellitus Patients in China: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Case-Control Studies

Table 2

Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection by sociodemographic factors in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and controls in eastern China.

Characteristic	T2DM (N=400)				Controls (N=400)				T2DM vs.
	Prevalence of T. gondii infection				Prevalence of T. gondii infection				Controls
	No. tested	No. positive	%	P-value	No. tested	No. positive	%	P-value	P-value
Age
≤ 30	37	9	24.32	0.956	37	4	10.81	0.793	0.127
31-40	83	19	22.89		87	11	12.64		0.080
41-50	96	23	23.96		99	13	13.13		0.052
51-60	93	24	25.81		97	12	12.37		0.018
>60	91	19	20.88		90	7	7.78		0.012
Region
Shandong	156	45	28.85	0.074	156	25	16.03	0.025	0.007
Jilin	142	32	22.54		142	17	11.97		0.019
Heilongjiang	102	17	16.67		102	5	4.90		0.007
Gender
Male	202	50	24.75	0.551	211	27	12.80	0.492	0.002
Female	198	44	22.22		189	20	10.58		0.002
Area of residence
Urban	200	50	25.00	0.479	229	18	7.86	0.005	<0.001
Rural	200	44	22.00		171	29	16.96		0.223
Employment
Unemployed	163	43	26.38	0.118	169	24	14.20	0.326	0.006
Employed part-time	133	23	17.29		148	13	8.78		0.033
Employed full-time	104	28	26.92		83	10	12.05		0.012
Obesity and overweight
Yes	152	30	19.74	0.152	190	20	10.53	0.470	0.017
No	248	64	25.81		210	27	12.86		<0.001
Keeping cats at home
Yes	52	19	36.54	0.017	56	9	16.07	0.279	0.015
No	348	75	21.55		344	38	11.05		<0.001
Consumption of raw/undercooked meat
Yes	28	14	50.00	<0.001	161	5	3.11	<0.001	<0.001
No	372	80	21.51		339	42	12.39		0.001
Consumption of oyster
Raw	91	41	45.05	<0.001	143	15	10.49	0.559	<0.001
Boiled	309	53	17.15		257	32	12.45		0.119
Consumption of fish
Raw	150	50	33.33	<0.001	167	22	13.17	0.454	<0.001
Boiled	250	44	17.60		233	25	10.73		0.031
Consumption of raw vegetables and fruits
Yes	253	66	26.09	0.109	286	32	11.19	0.581	<0.001
No	147	28	19.05		114	15	13.16		0.203
Exposure to soil
Yes	228	54	23.68	0.920	248	34	13.71	0.120	0.005
No	172	40	23.26		152	13	8.55		<0.001
Gardening or agricultural activities
Yes	248	56	22.58	0.580	254	35	13.78	0.096	0.011
No	152	38	25.00		146	12	8.22		<0.001
Washing hands before meals
Yes	270	63	23.33	0.910	285	30	10.53	0.232	<0.001
No	130	31	23.85		115	17	14.78		0.075
Source of drinking water
Spring/well	90	20	22.22	0.745	64	13	20.31	0.020	0.776
Tap	310	74	23.87		336	34	10.12		<0.001
Total	400	94	23.50		400	47	11.75		<0.001