Research Article
Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Diabetes Mellitus Patients in China: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Case-Control Studies
Table 3
Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection by sociodemographic factors in gestational diabetes (GDM) patients and controls in eastern China.
| Characteristic | GDM (N=400) | Controls (N=400) | GDM vs. | | Prevalence of T. gondii infection | Prevalence of T. gondii infection | Controls | | No. tested | No. positive | % | P-value | No. tested | No. positive | % | P-value | P-value |
| Age | | | | | | | | | | ≤ 30 | 185 | 35 | 18.92 | 0.043 | 201 | 26 | 12.94 | 0.017 | 0.107 | 31-40 | 184 | 38 | 20.65 | | 71 | 19 | 26.76 | | 0.294 | >40 | 31 | 12 | 38.71 | | 28 | 3 | 10.71 | | 0.014 | Region | | | | | | | | | | Shandong | 239 | 59 | 24.69 | 0.079 | 239 | 32 | 13.39 | 0.451 | 0.002 | Jilin | 65 | 8 | 12.31 | | 65 | 8 | 12.31 | | 1.00 | Heilongjiang | 95 | 18 | 18.95 | | 95 | 8 | 8.42 | | 0.035 | Area of residence | | | | | | | | | | Urban | 202 | 45 | 22.28 | 0.612 | 245 | 25 | 10.20 | 0.165 | 0.001 | Rural | 198 | 40 | 20.20 | | 155 | 23 | 14.84 | | 0.192 | Employment | | | | | | | | | | Unemployed | 126 | 24 | 19.05 | 0.081 | 98 | 15 | 15.31 | 0.470 | 0.464 | Employed part-time | 143 | 39 | 27.27 | | 197 | 20 | 10.15 | | <0.001 | Employed full-time | 131 | 22 | 16.79 | | 105 | 13 | 12.38 | | 0.343 | Obesity and overweight | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 79 | 15 | 18.99 | 0.582 | 117 | 9 | 7.69 | 0.086 | 0.018 | No | 321 | 70 | 21.81 | | 283 | 39 | 13.78 | | 0.011 | Keeping cats at home | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 40 | 12 | 30.00 | 0.135 | 47 | 4 | 8.51 | 0.433 | 0.010 | No | 360 | 73 | 20.28 | | 353 | 44 | 12.46 | | 0.005 | Consumption of raw/undercooked meat | | | | | | | | Yes | 33 | 12 | 36.36 | 0.027 | 77 | 5 | 6.49 | 0.098 | <0.001 | No | 367 | 73 | 19.89 | | 323 | 43 | 13.31 | | 0.021 | Consumption of oyster | | | | | | | | | | Raw | 84 | 30 | 35.71 | <0.001 | 153 | 18 | 11.76 | 0.909 | <0.001 | Boiled | 316 | 55 | 17.41 | | 247 | 30 | 12.15 | | 0.084 | Consumption of fish | | | | | | | | | | Raw | 137 | 42 | 30.66 | <0.001 | 158 | 17 | 10.76 | 0.086 | <0.001 | Boiled | 263 | 43 | 16.35 | | 242 | 41 | 16.94 | | 0.858 | Consumption of raw vegetables and fruits | | | | | | | | | Yes | 282 | 64 | 22.70 | 0.275 | 299 | 37 | 12.37 | 0.692 | 0.001 | No | 118 | 21 | 17.80 | | 101 | 11 | 10.89 | | 0.149 | Exposure to soil | | | | | | | | | | Yes | 233 | 47 | 20.17 | 0.534 | 254 | 34 | 13.39 | 0.261 | 0.045 | No | 167 | 38 | 22.75 | | 146 | 14 | 9.59 | | 0.002 | Gardening or agricultural activities | | | | | | | | | Yes | 257 | 52 | 20.23 | 0.505 | 263 | 35 | 13.31 | 0.265 | 0.034 | No | 143 | 33 | 23.08 | | 137 | 13 | 9.49 | | 0.002 | Washing hands before meals | | | | | | | | | Yes | 266 | 54 | 20.30 | 0.513 | 302 | 38 | 12.58 | 0.529 | 0.013 | No | 134 | 31 | 23.13 | | 98 | 10 | 10.20 | | 0.011 | Source of drinking water | | | | | | | | | | Spring/well | 78 | 14 | 17.95 | 0.840 | 66 | 15 | 22.73 | 0.003 | 0.476 | Tap | 322 | 61 | 18.94 | | 334 | 33 | 9.88 | | <0.001 | Total | 400 | 85 | 21.25 | | 400 | 48 | 12.00 | | <0.001 |
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