A Shallow Angle Short-Axis Out-of-Plane Approach Reduces the Rate of Posterior Wall Injuries in Central Venous Catheterization: A Simulation Study

Table 2

Summary of outcome measures and resident preferences.

Outcome	Procedure C; (Conventional)	Procedure N; (Navigation)	Procedure S; (Shallow angle + navigation)
Posterior vessel wall injury (%)	53	41	9
Arterial injury (%)	0	0	0
Overall success rate (%)	100	100	100
Needle passes until success, mean ± SD	1.0 ± 0	1.0 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0
Procedure duration (s), mean ± SD	56 ± 21	43 ± 15	49 ± 18
Comfort with procedure, median (IQR)	4 (3–4)	4 (4–5)	4 (4–5)
Preferred procedure (%)	3	41	56

Scored according to a Likert scale (1-5 5 is best]). IQR, interquartile range.