Magnitude of Neural Tube Defects and Associated Risk Factors at Three Teaching Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants, Addis Ababa University Teaching Hospitals, Ethiopia, February 1 to August 30, 2016 .

Variables	Case (%)	Controls (%)	value
Residence			0.867
Addis Ababa	105 (94.6)	209 (94.1)
Outside Addis Ababa	6 (5.4)	13 (5.9)
Age of participants (mean; SD)	26.9; ±4.6	26.7; ±5.2	0.193
≤20	12 (10.8)	18 (8.1)
21–25	44 (39.6)	74 (33.3)
26–30	35 (31.5)	84 (37.8)
31–35	12 (10.8)	38 (17.1)
>35	8 (7.2)	8 (3.7)
Age of partners (mean; SD)	32.0; ±7	32.5; ±7	0.252
20–29	42 (37.8)	82 (36.9)
30–39	57 (51.4)	101 (45.5)
≥40	12 (10.8)	39 (17.6)
Religion			0.929
Christian	83 (74.8)	165 (74.3)
Muslim	28 (25.2)	7 (25.7)
Marital status			0.339
Married	106 (95.5)	206 (92.8)
Others	5 (4.5)	16 (7.2)
Educational status			0.532
No formal education	14 (12.6)	23 (10.4)
Primary school	46 (41.4)	78 (35.1)
Secondary school	28 (25.2)	68 (30.6)
Above secondary	3 (20.7)	53 (23.9)
Partner education status			0.269
No formal education	10 (9)	20 (9)
Primary school	37 (33.3)	52 (23.4)
Secondary school	30 (27)	67 (30.2)
Above secondary	34 (30.6)	83 (37.4)
Occupation			0.104
Employed	31 (27.9)	62 (27.9)
Merchant	10 (9)	43 (19.4)
Daily laborer	12 (10.8)	29 (13.1)
Housewife	58 (52.3)	88 (39.6)
Family size (mean; SD)	3.0; ±1.2	3.2; ±1.3	0.061
≤3	81 (73)	139 (62.6)
>3	30 (27)	83 (37.4)
Family annual cash income (USD)	889; ±964	2310; ±1605	0.032
(mean; SD)
<1300	29 (26.1)	49 (22.1)
	35 (31.5)	55 (24.8)
	27 (24.3)	43 (19.4)
>2700	20 (18)	75 (33.8)
Prepregnancy BMI (mean; SD)	23; ±3.1	22; ±2.8	0.041
<24.9	85 (76.6)	190 (85.6)
≥25	26 (23.4)	32 (14.4)

BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; USD: United States Dollar.