|
| Reference | Substrates | Type | Conditions | Reported inhibitors |
|
| [52] | Coconut husk | Microwave-assisted-alkaline | 2450 MHz | n.a. |
|
| [27] | Young coconut husk | Step 1: NaOH 20-30% (w/v)
Step 2: NaOH 25% (w/v) | Step 1: 100°C, 2 and 3 h
Step 2: 170°C, 3 h | n.a. |
|
| [53] | Coconut husk | Microwave-assisted-alkaline | 2450 MHz, 20 min | n.a. |
| Autohydrolysis | 121°C, 1.043 bar, 15 min |
| H2SO4 1% (v/v) | 40°C, 150 rpm, 24 h, TS 2% |
| NaOH 5% (w/v) | 40°C, 150 rpm, 24 h, TS 2% |
|
| [31] | Green coconut shell, mature coconut fiber, mature coconut shell and cactus | Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 7.35% (v/v), pH 11.5) followed by alkaline delignification (NaOH 4% (w/v)) | H2O2: 25°C, 1 h
NaOH: 100 rpm, 100°C, 1 h | n.a. |
|
| [61] | Coconut husk, defatted grape seed and pressed palm fiber | No pretreatment. Direct non-enzymatic hydrolysis with subcritical water | Furfural, HMF, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillin |
|
| [47] | Coconut husk | H2SO4 1% (v/v) | 121°C, 1 h, TS 7.5% | n.a. |
|
| [32] | Green coconut shell, mature coconut fiber, mature coconut shell and cactus | Autohydrolysis | 160-200°C, 10-50 min, TS 10% | Acetic acid, furfural and HMF |
|
| [28] | Coconut fiber | NaOH 3% (w/v) | 121°C, 90 min | n.a. |
|
| [46] | Coconut husk | NaOH 2.5 mol·L−1 | Soaking in NaOH: 30 min
Autoclaved: 125°C, 30 min | Phenolic compounds |
|
| [49] | Green coconut husks | NaOH 5% | 121°C, 40 min, TS 5% | Acetic acid |
|
| [33] | Mature coconut fiber | Hydrothermal catalyzed with NaOH | 160-200°C, 10-50 min | Phenolic compounds, HMF, furfural and acetic acid |
|
| [50] | Green coconut mesocarp | NaOH 1-4% (w/v) | 25°C, 200 rpm, 1-24 h, TS 18% | Acetic acid, formic acid, phenolic compounds (various). NO levulinic acid, furfural or HMF detected |
|
| [51] | Green coconut husk | Acid-alkaline (H2SO4 0.6 mol·L−1 and NaOH 4% (w/v)) | Acid: 121°C, 15 min, TS 20%
Alkaline: 121°C, 30 min | n.a. |
| Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 7.35% (v/v), pH 11.5) | Room temperature, 100 rpm, 1 h, TS 4% |
|
| [54] | Coconut coir fibers | Acidified aqueous glycerol | 130°C, 400 rpm, 30 and 60 min, TS 3.3 and 5% | n.a. |
| Aqueous glycerol |
|
| [62] | Coconut husk, defatted grape seed, sugarcane bagasse and pressed palm fiber | No pretreatment. Direct non-enzymatic hydrolysis with subcritical water + CO2 | Furfural, HMF, 4-hydroxybenzoic and vanillin |
|
| [48] | Green coconut husk | NaOH 1-2% (w/v) | 200 rpm, 25°C, 1 h | Acetic acid, formic acid, phenolic compounds (various) and fatty acids. NO levulinic acid, furfural or HMF detected |
|
| [29] | Coconut fiber | NaOH 1 and 2% (w/v) -/+ Tween® 80 | 121°C, 10-30 min, TS 10% | Acetic acid and phenolic compounds. NO furfural or HMF detected |
| H2SO4 1.5 and 3% (w/v) -/+ Tween® 80 | 121°C, 10-60 min, TS 15% |
| Autohydrolysis -/+ Tween ® 80 | 121°C, 10-60 min, TS 10 and 15% |
|
| [30] | Green coconut shell, mature coconut fiber, mature coconut shell and cactus | NaClO2 (0.93% (w/v)) - C2H4O2 (0.31% (v/v)) followed by autohydrolysis | NaClO2-C2H4O2: 75°C, 1-4 h, TS 3.1%
Autohydrolysis: 200°C, 50 min, TS 10% | Phenolic compounds, HMF, furfural and acetic acid |
|
