| | Author | Study period | Design style | Country | Tumor size | Treatment methods | Patients (number of benign thyroid nodules) | Male/female | Age (years) | Follow-up interval (months) | Complication | Imaging methods | Prognosis |
| | Paiella et al. 2015 | 2011.6–2011.12 | Prospective cohort | Italy | 30 mm | US-guided percutaneous IRE | 10 (10) | 5/5 | 66 | 7.6 | 1, abscesses; 5, abdominal and back pain; 1, portal vein thrombosis; 1, peripheral oedema; 1, infection | CT | 3, progression disease; 1, pulmonary metastasis; 2, liver metastasis |
| | Martin II et al. 2015 | 2010.7–2014.10 | Prospective cohort | United States | 1–7 cm | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 200 | 101/99 | 62 (27–88) | 29 months | 37% complications | CT | 58, recurrence; overall progression-free survival: 12.4 (4.4–38.9); time to distant progression: 16.8 (1.3–55) |
| | Belfiore et al. 2015 | 2013.4–2014.6 | Prospective cohort | Italy | 93 (39–170) cm3 | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 20 (20) | 10/10 | 69 (55–82) | 8.55 (3–14) | 1 ascites; | CeCT | 18, PR; 2, died |
| | Yan et al. 2016 | 2015.7–2016.6 | Retrospective cohort | China | 4.2 (2.8–4.9) cm | Open IRE with/without surgery | 25 (25) | 19/6 | 58 (49–80) | 3 | 3, pancreatic fistula; 1, acute pancreatitis; 1, delayed gastric emptying; 1, gastrointestinal hemorrhage | CT/MRI | 9, PD; 7, SD |
| | Michail et al. 2016 | 2014.4–2015.3 | Retrospective cohort | United Kingdom | 12.3 ± 9.3 mm | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 3 (3) | NA | 53 ± 20.8 | 15 ± 3.6 | 1 mild pancreatitis | CT | 3, not recurrence |
| | Månsson et al. 2016 | NA | Retrospective cohort | Sweden | 27 ± 15.5 cm3 | US-guided percutaneous IRE | 24 | 12/12 | 63.1 ± 8.6 | 17.9 | 5, infection; 2, pancreatitis; 1, thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein | NA | 10, recurrence; 13, metastases; mean OS: 17.9 months |
| | Kluger et al. 2016 | 2012.10–2015.1 | Prospective cohort | United States | 3.0 (1.7–5.0) cm | NA | 50 (53) | 31/22 | 66.5 (60.2–72.0) | 8.69 | 1, duodenal ulceration/perforation | NA | 31, recurrence; mean OS: 7.71–12.03 months |
| | Lambert et al. 2016 | 2012.6–2014.12 | Prospective cohort | Czech Republic | 38.2 ± 11.5 mm | NA | 21 | 10/11 | 68.2 ± 8.4 | 10.2 | 1, liver abscesses; 1, biliary peritonitis; 1, cholangitis; 1, pancreatic fistula; 1, bleeding; 1, peripancreatic abscess; 1, fistula and abscess in the abdominal wall | CT | Median survival afer IRE was 10.2 months |
| | Vroomen et al. 2016 | 2014.1–2015.6 | Prospective cohort | Netherlands | 19 cm3 | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 25 (25) | 12/13 | 61 (41–78) | 6 (3–17) | 1, pancreatitis; 1, duodenal wall ulcer; 3, biliary obstruction; 1, cholangitis | CeCT/CeMRI | 5, local recurrence |
| | Niu et al. 2016 | 2015.7.2–2015.9.30 | Prospective cohort | China | 4.3 ± 1.9 (2.4–7.4) cm | 7 CT-guided percutaneous IRE; 5 open IRE | 12 (12) | 9/3 | 55.5 ± 13.8 (49–75) | 1 | No major complications | CeCT | 1, CR; 9, PR; 2, SD |
| | Scheffer et al. 2016 | 2014.1–2015.6 | Prospective cohort | Netherlands | 4.0 (3.3–5.0) cm | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 25 (25) | 12/13 | 61 (41–78) | 12 (7–16) | 1, pancreatitis; 1, hematemesis; 3, biliary obstruction; 1, cholangitis | CeCT | Median event-free survival from IRE: 8 months; median time to local progression from IRE: 12 months |
| | Narayanan et al. 2017 | 2010.11.1–2015.8.31 | Retrospective cohort | United States | 3.2 ± 1.3 cm | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 50 (50) | 27/23 | 62.5 (46–91) | 27 | 19, abdominal pain; 6, pancreatitis; 3, thrombosis; 1, sepsis; 1, gastric leak; 3, nausea; 4, emesis; 3, hematoma; 1, fever; 1, constipation; 1, urinary discomfort; 1, back pain; 1, malaise | CT | 3, progression; median OS was 27.0 months |
| | Zhang et al. 2017 | 2015.7–2017 | Prospective cohort | China | 3.5 (2.0–6.7) cm | CT/US-guided percutaneous IRE | 21 (21) | NA | NA | 1 | 1, hypoglycemia, 1, hypokalemia, 1, chest tightness | CT | 2, CR; 9, PR; 3, SD |
| | Lin et al. 2017 | 2016.3–2016.12 | Prospective cohort | China | 4.51 ± 1.13 cm | CT/US-guided percutaneous IRE | 20 (20) | 11/9 | 53 | 2 | 7, fever; 4, fatigue; 3, chest distress; 2, chills; 2, nausea; 1, hypoglycemia | CT/US | 3, CR; 9, PR; 4, SD; 3, PD |
| | Belfiore et al. 2017 | 2013–2016 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | 94 cm3 | CT-guided percutaneous IRE | 29 (29) | 16/13 | 68.5 | 29 | No major complications | CeCT | 22, died; the median OS: 14 months |
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