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Task | Authors | Characteristics | ToM aspects assessed |
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First Order False Beliefs | Baron-Cohen et al. [57] | Subject has to understand one person’s (the character of a short story) belief about a belief attributed to a second person. | First level recursive thinking (“I think that you think”); cognitive ToM domain. |
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Second Order False Beliefs | Baron-Cohen et al. [57] | Subject has to understand one person’s belief about a belief attributed to a second and to a third person. | Second level recursive thinking (“I think that you think that he/she thinks”); cognitive ToM domain |
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Faux Pas test | Baron-Cohen et al. [57] | Subject is required to detect whether a character in a short story says something that should not be said, due to the embarrassment of the listener. | First and Second level recursive thinking; cognitive and affective ToM domains. |
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Reading the Mind in the Eyes test | Baron-Cohen et al. [58] | Subject is required to select the most appropriate eye-driven emotion or thought in 36 grey-scale pictures of human eyes; each of them is associated with four terms related to as many emotions. | Affective ToM domain. |
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Social Problem Resolution Task | Channon and Crawford [59] | Subjects are asked to indicate how the main character of the stories should act in several situations (responses are classified according to two criteria: social sensitivity and practical effectiveness). | First level recursive thinking; cognitive ToM domain. |
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Social Problem Fluency Task | Channon and Crawford [59] | Participants are asked what the main character could do in some awkward situation (i.e., theyare asked to explain why the situation might be awkward for the main character and how awkward it was). | First level recursive thinking; cognitive and affective ToM domain. |
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Character Intention Task | Havet-Thomassin [44] | Subjects are asked to choose, as quickly as possible, the most logical conclusion to some short comic strips (i.e., three different alternatives show a character performing an action motivated by an easily recognisable intention). | First level recursive thinking; cognitive ToM domain. |
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Cartoon Task | Gallagher et al. [60]; Bibby and McDonald [22] | Subjects are allowed to examine a number of ToM cartoons (based on a character’s lack of knowledge about a physical situation - e.g. the presence of a monster) included a brief caption. The cartoons remain in front of the subjects while while they answer four questions | First level recursive thinking; cognitive ToM domain. |
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