Relationship between Joint Position Sense, Force Sense, and Muscle Strength and the Impact of Gymnastic Training on Proprioception

Table 2

Results of the two-way ANOVA with repeated measures in elbow JPS and FR performance.

Task	Indicator	Effect			Effect size ()	Post hoc
JPS	Absolute error	Group × mode		<0.01		PR: C > AR: C, G
		Group		<0.01		G < C
		Mode		<0.01		PR > AR
	Constant error	Group × mode		<0.01		C: PR < G: PR, AR; PR: C, G < AR: C
		Group
		Mode		<0.01		PR < AR
FR 20% MVC	Mean relative error	Group × muscle
		Group			<0.01
		Muscle
	Mean constant error	Group × muscle			<0.01
		Group
		Muscle			<0.01
	Range of relative error	Group × muscle			<0.01
		Group
		Muscle		<0.01		Extension > flexion
FR 50% MVC	Mean relative error	Group × muscle				C: Extension > flexion
		Group
		Muscle				Extension > flexion
	Mean constant error	Group × muscle
		Group
		Muscle
	Range of relative error	Group × muscle
		Group			0.01
		Muscle			0.01

JPS: joint position sense; FR: force reproduction; MVC: maximal voluntary contraction; PR: passive reproduction; AR: active reproduction; C: control group; G: gymnasts. Significant effect or interaction at < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001.