The Adaptive Complexity of Cancer

Figure 4

Metabolic inhibition of immune response. Cancer reprograming of metabolism leads to the TME depletion in nutrients such as glucose, glutamine, tryptophan, and arginine [37, 44, 65–68], and the release of immunosuppressive metabolites such as kynurenine, lactate, and prostaglandins [25, 45–53, 69]. ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDSCs, myeloid derived suppressor cells; CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts; NKs, natural killer cells; CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes.