The Critical Role of Biliary Candidiasis in Development of Surgical Site Infections after Pancreatoduodenectomy: Results of Prospective Study Using a Selective Culture Medium for Candida Species

Table 4

Uni- and multivariate analysis for identifying the risk factors of BC followed by PD.

Perioperative variables	BC (n=22)	Non BC (n=29)	P-value	Odd’s ratio	95 CI	P-value
Preoperative factors
Age	64.9±10.9	67.9±8.0	0.440
Gender (male/female)	14/8	15/14	0.196
Primary disease (malignancy/benign)	15/7	24/5	0.224
Preoperative diabetes mellitus (yes/no)	4/18	4/25	0.713
Preoperative biliary stenting (yes/no)	8/14	9/20	0.689
Preoperative cholangitis (yes/no)	6/16	5/24	0.498
Preoperative CRT (yes/no)	9/13	17/12	0.210
Preoperative history of antibiotics usage (yes/no)	16/6	13/16	0.046
Preoperative probiotics usage (yes/no)	4/18	10/19	0.196
BMI (kg/m2)	19.9±3.7	20.7±3.9	0.435
Preoperative factors
Total protein (g/dl)	6.9±0.67	6.4±0.69	0.011
Albumin (g/dl)	4.1±0.45	3.7±0.41	0.012
Choline esterase	0.83±0.22	0.75±0.19	0.196
White blood cell counts (/mm2)	5,441±1,272	5,176±1,851	0.171
Neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio	3.3±1.5	3.6±1.8	0.704
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	12.8±1.6	11.9±1.2	0.045
Platelet count (x10^3/ml)	235±79	197±49	0.092
Total bilirubin	0.76±0.35	0.69±0.35	0.442
Direct bilirubin	0.17±0.14	0.17±0.13	0.831
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/l)	22±9.4	24±18	0.429
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	22±13	20±18	0.244
C-reactive protein (mg/l)	0.25±0.27	0.25±0.39	0.689
Lactic acid dehydrogenase (U/l)	188±53	183±34	0.213
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/l)	55±51	88±58	0.842
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)	327±134	232±63	0.004	1.103	1.001-1.019	0.027
Intra and early postoperative factors
Operation time (min)	497±148	495±114	0.621
Other organ resections (yes/no)	1/21	1/28	1.00
Combined portal vein resections (yes/no)	6/16	16/13	0.046
Intraoperative blood loss (g)	646 (0-7700)	497 (75-4930)	0.932
Blood transfusion (yes/no)	5/17	7/22	0.257
PT-INR (POD1)	1.30±0.14	1.19±0.15	0.018	267.4	1.173-60,932	0.044
C-reactive protein on POD1(mg/l)	8.0±3.3	7.7±2.8	1.00
White blood cell count POD1	9,445±3,959	9,421±3,647	0.983

POD: postoperative day, PT-INR: prothrombin time-international normalized ratio.